Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC/Ni-MoS2 Titanium-Based Composite Coating on TC4
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Materials
2.2. Laser Cladding Experiments
2.3. The Methods of Microstructure Characterizations and Properties Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Macrostructure Morphology Analysis
3.2. XRD Results Analysis
3.3. Microstructure Analysis
3.4. TEM Results Analysis
3.5. Microhardness
3.6. Tribological Properties
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Ti-based composite coatings were fabricated on TC4 using TC4 + Ni-MoS2 + xWC (x = 5, 10 and 15 wt.%) via laser cladding, in which the 5 wt.%-Cu coating showed the optimal forming quality. The phase composition of the coatings with different WC content remained unchanged, which consisted of TiC, Ti2Ni, Ti2S, β-Ti and residual WC.
- (2)
- The quantity and particle size of in-situ TiC increased as the WC content was raised. Ti2S was a specific product of the S element in the Ti-rich melt pool environment and was characterized by a strip-like distribution in the coatings. Its growth morphology was also highly similar to lubricating phases TiS and TiS2.
- (3)
- The average microhardness and wear-resistance of the coatings were higher than TC4 and they gradually improved with an increase in the WC content. The increasing residual WC particles caused continuous deterioration of the wear surface quality, resulting in higher friction coefficients and larger performance fluctuations of the coatings. The 5 wt.%-Cu coating exhibited the least worn surface and lower tribological property fluctuations. The three WC coatings did not have anti-friction properties and their wear mechanism was all abrasive wear.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elements | Al | V | Fe | C | N | O | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content | 6.04 | 4.01 | 0.15 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.165 | Bal |
No. | Coating | TC4/wt.% | WC/wt.% | Ni-MoS2/wt.% |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 wt.% WC | 60 | 5 | 35 |
2 | 10 wt.% WC | 55 | 10 | 35 |
3 | 15 wt.% WC | 50 | 15 | 35 |
Elements | Al | V | Fe | C | N | O | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content | 6.36 | 4.06 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.011 | 0.077 | Bal |
Elements | WC | Mo | Fe | Ca | K | Mg | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content | ≥99.8 | 0.010 | 0.020 | 0.0020 | 0.0015 | 0.0020 | 0.020 |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Laser power (W) | 700 |
Scan speed (mm/min) | 360 |
Spot diameter (mm) | 3 |
Overlap ratio (%) | 50 |
Powder feed rate (g/min) | 3 |
Powder gas flow rate (He) (L/min) | 5 |
Shield gas flow rate (Ar) (L/min) | 18 |
No. | Device (Material) Name | Device Model | Experimental Purpose | Remark |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | XRD | X’Pert-Pro MPD (Nalytica, Almelo, The Netherlands) | Initial determination of phases | Scanning range: 30~90°, Scanning speed: 6°/min |
2 | SEM | Hitachi S-3000N (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) | Macro-Microstructure analysis | |
Wear topography analysis | ||||
3 | EDS | Oxford INCAPentaFET-x3 (Oxford Instruments, Oxford, UK) | Element composition of phases | |
4 | TEM | FEI-Tecnai G2 F30 (Field Electron and Ion Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) | Phases confirmation | |
5 | Microhardness tester | KB 30SR-FA (KB Pruftechnik, Munich, Germany) | Microhardness analysis | Applied load: 5 N, Test time: 12 s |
6 | Tribology Tester (Dry) | RTEC MFT-5000 (RTEC-instruments, San Jose, CA, USA) | Evaluation of tribological properties | Normal load: 5 N, Test time: 60 min Grinding ball: Al2O3 (1.5 mm) |
7 | Non-contact white light interferometer profiler | RTEC UP-Lambda (US) | Wear profile analysis |
Phase | Proportion | Ti | W | C | Al | V | Ni | S | Mo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 (TiC) | wt.% | 63.23 | — | 36.77 | — | — | — | — | |
at.% | 50.36 | — | 49.64 | — | — | — | — | ||
A2 (TiC) | wt.% | 66.59 | — | 33.41 | — | — | — | — | |
at.% | 52.66 | — | 47.34 | — | — | — | — | ||
A3 (Ti2S) | wt.% | 58.66 | 2.50 | 2.42 | 2.68 | 3.29 | 7.90 | 21.63 | 2.18 |
at.% | 57.35 | 2.52 | 3.18 | 2.45 | 1.43 | 5.25 | 25.69 | 2.03 | |
A4 (Ti2Ni) | wt.% | 44.66 | 5.89 | 4.37 | 1.99 | 2.65 | 25.94 | 7.96 | 6.54 |
at.% | 40.36 | 3.35 | 12.65 | 4.21 | 2.03 | 19.35 | 8.59 | 9.46 | |
A5 (β-Ti) | wt.% | 74.24 | 6.61 | 1.54 | 4.11 | 3.03 | 3.07 | 1.35 | 6.05 |
at.% | 71.45 | 5.33 | 6.02 | 3.25 | 1.77 | 2.44 | 2.63 | 7.11 |
Phase | Proportion | Ti | W | C | Al | V | Ni | S | Mo | O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | wt.% | 78.69 | — | — | 11.58 | 5.55 | — | — | — | 4.18 |
at.% | 75.96 | — | — | 12.59 | 8.46 | — | — | — | 12.81 | |
C2 | wt.% | 5.28 | 75.87 | 8.73 | 0.96 | 1.05 | 2.08 | 1.33 | 0.67 | 4.03 |
at.% | 7.07 | 37.86 | 40.63 | 1.07 | 1.33 | 2.28 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 8.16 | |
C3 | wt.% | 15.34 | 46.08 | 4.47 | 1.52 | 1.44 | 14.01 | 8.14 | 2.32 | 6.58 |
at.% | 18.55 | 20.98 | 21.31 | 2.24 | 13.91 | 13.91 | 6.04 | 3.06 | 12.85 | |
C4 | wt.% | 7.82 | 72.61 | 7.33 | 1.75 | 1.63 | 3.21 | 0.65 | 1.07 | 3.93 |
at.% | 10.01 | 35.23 | 37.07 | 2.36 | 2.01 | 4.05 | 0.32 | 1.29 | 7.66 | |
C5 | wt.% | 18.18 | 42.16 | 5.33 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 15.98 | 9.04 | 3.32 | 4.15 |
at.% | 23.66 | 22.81 | 20.16 | 1.03 | 0.64 | 12.19 | 8.33 | 4.07 | 7.11 | |
C6 | wt.% | 8.71 | 68.35 | 9.01 | 2.35 | 0.98 | 3.09 | 1.53 | 0.97 | 5.01 |
at.% | 9.03 | 33.65 | 39.11 | 2.22 | 1.62 | 3.17 | 1.03 | 0.66 | 9.51 | |
C7 | wt.% | 14.33 | 45.19 | 5.23 | 3.04 | 0.98 | 18.34 | 7.11 | 1.96 | 3.82 |
at.% | 18.78 | 22.61 | 20.99 | 4.01 | 0.78 | 15.23 | 6.23 | 2.04 | 9.33 |
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Wang, C.; Yan, X.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, Z. Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC/Ni-MoS2 Titanium-Based Composite Coating on TC4. Coatings 2024, 14, 1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091157
Wang C, Yan X, Zhang T, Zhang Q, Zhang Z. Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC/Ni-MoS2 Titanium-Based Composite Coating on TC4. Coatings. 2024; 14(9):1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091157
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Changhao, Xiaohui Yan, Tiangang Zhang, Qiyu Zhang, and Zhiqiang Zhang. 2024. "Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC/Ni-MoS2 Titanium-Based Composite Coating on TC4" Coatings 14, no. 9: 1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091157