Bird Assemblages in Coffee Agroforestry Systems and Other Human Modified Habitats in Indonesia
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites | Regency | Elevation Range (m above Sea Level) | Plant Diversity | Bird Diversity | Number of Observation Points | Main Habitat Types |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cipaganti | Garut | 1300–1650 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.65 ± 0.04 | 57 | Mixed coffee systems: sun, shade monoculture, commercial polyculture |
Kemuning | Temanggung | 459–649 | 1.63 ± 0.03 | 1.83 ± 0.04 | 89 | Rustic coffee |
Kepuhharjo | Sleman | 616–985 | 1.36 ± 0.07 | 1.34 ± 0.12 | 30 | Traditional polyculture coffee |
Jatimulyo | Kulon Progo | 514–765 | 1.35 ± 0.07 | 1.10 ± 0.12 | 30 | Traditional polyculture coffee |
Ijen-Baluran | Banyuwangi | 70–1595 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 46 | Tree farms and other crops * |
Madiun-Kediri | Kediri | 780–1265 | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 1.08 ± 0.06 | 60 | Tree farms and other crops * |
Batu-Malang | Malang | 881–1484 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 60 | Tree farms and other crops |
Pasuruan | Pasuruan | 595–1793 | 0.50 ± 0.06 | 1.49 ± 0.08 | 60 | Tree farms * |
Trenggalek | Trenggalek | 4–372 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 1.19 ± 0.05 | 60 | Tree farms and other crops * |
Gunung Kelud | Kediri, Malang, Blitar | 712–1031 | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 1.33 ± 0.06 | 60 | Tree farms and other crops |
Sampang | Sampang | 0–8 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 1.89 ± 0.05 | 60 | Mangrove and paddy fields |
Kota Surabaya | Surabaya | 0–47 | 0.43 ± 0.06 | 1.94 ± 0.04 | 60 | Mangrove and other crops |
Probolinggo (BTS) | Probolinggo | 607–1412 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.99 ± 0.08 | 60 | Tree farms |
DT Hyang | Probolinggo | 498–968 | 0.83 ± 0.06 | 1.14 ± 0.07 | 60 | Community managed forest |
Situbondo | Situbondo | 0–32 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 60 | Paddy fields and other crops |
Tuban | Tuban | 3–32 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 1.49 ± 0.07 | 60 | Paddy fields and other crops |
Banyuwangi | Banyuwangi | 5–182 | 0.44 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 60 | Tree farms and other crops |
Jember | Jember | 1–17 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 1.19 ± 0.06 | 60 | Paddy fields |
Lumajang | Lumajang | 1–26 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 1.12 ± 0.06 | 60 | Tree farms and other crops |
Sidoarjo | Sidoarjo | 0–4 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 2.03 ± 0.06 | 60 | Mangrove and other crops |
Alas Purwo-Meru Betiri | Banyuwangi | 0–112 | 0.43 ± 0.06 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 60 | Tree farms |
Response Variable a | Predictor | Category | Estimate ± Std. Error | Z-Value | p | Smooth Term | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Edf | χ2 | |||||||
Bird abundance | Intercept | 4.06 ± 0.40 | 8.24 ** | <0.001 | ||||
Habitat b | Community managed forest | −0.19 ± 0.41 | −0.48 | 0.634 | ||||
Mangrove | −1.19 ± 0.22 | −5.32 ** | <0.001 | |||||
Other commercial polyculture | −0.95 ± 0.25 | −3.83 ** | <0.001 | |||||
Other crop/fruit field | −0.82 ± 0.20 | −4.08 * | <0.001 | |||||
Paddy field | −0.64 ± 0.21 | −3.02 ** | 0.003 | |||||
Rustic coffee | 0.05 ± 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.741 | |||||
Shade monoculture coffee | −0.93 ± 0.19 | −5.02 ** | <0.001 | |||||
Sun coffee | −0.99 ± 0.23 | −4.31 ** | <0.001 | |||||
Traditional polyculture coffee | −0.23 ± 0.26 | −0.88 | 0.378 | |||||
Tree farm | −1.18 ± 0.20 | −5.94 ** | <0.001 | |||||
Shade tree richness | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 2.03 | 0.043 * | |||||
s(plant diversity) | 8.42 | 53.22 ** | <0.001 | |||||
s(elevation) | 2.58 | 4.54 | 0.177 | |||||
s(longitude, latitude) | 31.68 | 1724.84 ** | <0.001 | |||||
s(distance to protected areas) | 8.07 | 109.00 ** | <0.001 | |||||
Bird diversity | Intercept | 0.55 ± 0.19 | 2.91 * | 0.004 | ||||
Habitat b | Community managed forest | |||||||
Mangrove | ||||||||
Other commercial polyculture | ||||||||
Other crop/fruit field | ||||||||
Paddy field | ||||||||
Rustic coffee | ||||||||
Shade monoculture coffee | ||||||||
Sun coffee | ||||||||
Traditional polyculture coffee | ||||||||
Tree farm | ||||||||
Shade tree richness | ||||||||
s(plant diversity) | ||||||||
s(elevation) | ||||||||
s(longitude, latitude) | ||||||||
s(distance to protected areas) | ||||||||
Bird richness | Intercept | 1.75 ± 0.23 | 7.74 ** | <0.001 | ||||
Habitatb | Community managed forest | −0.05 ± 0.27 | −0.19 | 0.853 | ||||
Mangrove | −0.29 ± 0.19 | −1.57 | 0.117 | |||||
Other commercial polyculture | −0.20 ± 0.21 | −0.96 | 0.336 | |||||
Other crop/fruit field | −0.41 ± 0.17 | −2.37 * | 0.018 | |||||
Paddy field | −0.21 ± 0.18 | −1.20 | 0.23 | |||||
Rustic coffee | 0.11 ± 0.31 | 0.67 | 0.502 | |||||
Shade monoculture coffee | −0.54 ± 0.17 | −3.19 ** | 0.001 | |||||
Sun coffee | −0.56 ± 0.24 | −2.40 * | 0.016 | |||||
Traditional polyculture coffee | 0.08 ± 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.769 | |||||
Tree farm | −0.48 ± 0.17 | −2.76 ** | 0.006 | |||||
Shade tree richness | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.84 | 0.387 | |||||
s(plant diversity) | 1.00 | 0.15 | 0.699 | |||||
s(elevation) | 1.00 | 0.53 | 0.468 | |||||
s(longitude, latitude) | 25.45 | 457.90 ** | <0.001 | |||||
s(distance to protected areas) | 2.67 | 3.40 | 0.484 |
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Imron, M.A.; Campera, M.; Al Bihad, D.; Rachmawati, F.D.; Nugroho, F.E.; Budiadi, B.; Wianti, K.F.; Suprapto, E.; Nijman, V.; Nekaris, K.A.I. Bird Assemblages in Coffee Agroforestry Systems and Other Human Modified Habitats in Indonesia. Biology 2022, 11, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11020310
Imron MA, Campera M, Al Bihad D, Rachmawati FD, Nugroho FE, Budiadi B, Wianti KF, Suprapto E, Nijman V, Nekaris KAI. Bird Assemblages in Coffee Agroforestry Systems and Other Human Modified Habitats in Indonesia. Biology. 2022; 11(2):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11020310
Chicago/Turabian StyleImron, Muhammad Ali, Marco Campera, Dennis Al Bihad, Farah Dini Rachmawati, Febrian Edi Nugroho, Budiadi Budiadi, K. Fajar Wianti, Edi Suprapto, Vincent Nijman, and K.A.I. Nekaris. 2022. "Bird Assemblages in Coffee Agroforestry Systems and Other Human Modified Habitats in Indonesia" Biology 11, no. 2: 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11020310