UGT72, a Major Glycosyltransferase Family for Flavonoid and Monolignol Homeostasis in Plants
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Diversification of UGTs from Algae to Vascular Plants
3. Functional Characteristics of the UGT72 Family
3.1. Substrate Identification of UGT72s
UGT72 | Accession | Species | Monolignol Pathway | Flavonoids | Other Phenolics | Other Compounds | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UGT72B1 | At4G01070 | A. thaliana | Coniferaldehyde p-coumaraldehyde Coniferyl alcohol DHCA p-coumaryl alcohol Vanillin | - | Umbelliferone 4-methyl-umbelliferone Scopoletin (7-O) Esculetin (6-O) Hydroxybenzoic acids (3-O, 4-O, 5-O) 4-HPPA 4-nitrophenol Phenol 2,4-DCP 3,4-DCP 2,4,5-TCP 2,3,4-TCP 2,3,6-TCP 2-chloro-4-TFMP 1-naphthol Triclosan Alternariol | 3,4-DCA 2,4-DCA 2,4,5-TCA 3,4,5-TCA Picloram | [22,33,39,59,69,70,71,72,73] |
UGT72B3 | At1G01420 | A. thaliana | Coniferaldehyde Sinapaldehyde | Quercetin Fisetin Kaempferol | 4-methyl-umbelliferone Scopoletin (7-O) Esculetin (7-O) Umbelliferone 4-acetic acid 2,4,5-TCP 2-chloro-4-TFMP | - | [22,39,70,72] |
UGT72C1 | At4G36770 | A. thaliana | - | - | Scopoletin (7-O) Esculetin (6-O) 2,4,5-TCP | - | [22,70] |
UGT72D1 | At2G18570 | A. thaliana | - | Luteolin Quercetin Fisetin Kaempferol Taxifolin Catechin Genistein | 4-methyl-umbelliferone Scopoletin (7-O) Esculetin (6-O) Dihydroxylbenzoic acids 2,4,5-TCP | - | [22,70,74] |
UGT72E1 | At3G50740 | A. thaliana | Coniferaldehyde (4-O) Sinapaldehyde (4-O) | Quercetin Fisetin Kaempferol | - | - | [22,36,58] |
UGT72E2 | At5G66690 | A. thaliana | Ferulic acid (4-O) Sinapyl alcohol (4-O) Sinapic acid (4-O) Caffeic acid (4-O) p-coumaric acid (4-O) o-coumaric acid m-coumaric acid Coniferaldehyde (4-O) Sinapaldehyde (4-O) Coniferyl alcohol (4-O) Vanillin | - | Scopoletin (7-O) Esculetin (6-O) 2,4,5-TCP | 3,4-DCA | [22,35,36,58,59,70,75] |
UGT72E3 | At5G26310 | A. thaliana | Sinapic acid (4-O) Caffeic acid (4-O) Ferulic acid (4-O) Coniferyl alcohol Sinapyl alcohol | - | Scopoletin (7-O) Esculetin (6-O) | - | [22,35,36,58,70] |
UGT72AM1 | KY399734 | C. sinensis | Coniferaldehyde (4-O) | Kaempferol (3-O) Quercetin (3-O) Myricetin (3-O) Naringenin (7-O, 4′-O) Eriodictyol Dihydromyricetin Cyanidin (3-O) | - | - | [60,76] |
UGT72X4 | GLYMA8G338100 | G. max | - | Quercetin (3-O) Kaempferol (3-O) Myricetin (3-O) | - | - | [65] |
UGT73 | GLYMA8G338200 | G. max | - | Quercetin (3-O) Kaempferol (3-O) Myricetin (3-O) | - | - | [65] |
UGT72B11 | EU561016 | H. pilosella | - | Baicalein (7-O) Quercetin (3-O, 4′-O) Kaempferol (3-O, 7-O) Apigenin (7-O) Luteolin (7-O, 4′-O) Naringenin (7-O) Eriodictyol Scutellarein Chrysin Myricetin Morin | Umbelliferone Esculetin Catechol Resorcinol Hydroquinone | - | [68] |
UGT72AD1 | AP009657 | L. japonicus | - | Kaempferol (3-O, 7-O) Quercetin (3-O) Myricetin (3-O) | - | - | [66] |
UGT72AF1 | KT895083 | L. japonicus | - | Apigenin Daidzein Genistein | - | - | [66] |
UGT72AH1 | AOG18241 | L. japonicus | - | Kaempferol Quercetin Myricetin | - | - | [66] |
UGT72V3 | KT895088 | L. japonicus | - | Kaempferol Quercetin Myricetin Luteolin Daidzein Genistein | - | - | [66] |
UGT72Z2 | KP410264 | L. japonicus | - | Kaempferol (3-O) Quercetin (3-O) Myricetin (3-O) | - | - | [66] |
UGT72L1 | ACC38470 | M. truncatula | - | Epicatechin (3′-O) Epigallocatechin | - | - | [67] |
UGT72AX1 | Nbv6. 1trP17460 | N. benthamiana | - | Kaempferol | Carvacrol Hydroquinone Scopoletin Carveol Alternariol | 3-cis-hexenol 1-octen-3-ol Benzyl alcohol Lavandulol 2-phenylethanol Farnesol Perillyl alcohol β-ionol Geraniol | [73,77] |
UGT72AY1 | Nbv6. 1trP2283 | N. benthamiana | - | Kaempferol Malvidin | Carvacrol Hydroquinone Scopoletin Carveol Alternariol | Farnesol α-ionol β-ionol 2-phenylethanol Geraniol 3-cis-hexenol 1-octen-3-ol Perillyl alcohol Benzyl alcohol Lavandulol Tyrosol Myrtenol 3-oxo-α-ionol Mandelic acid Mandelonitrile Furanmethanethiol Sotolone Maple furanone Furaneol Homofuraneol | [73,77,78] |
UGT72B34 | Nbv6. 1trP17549 | N. benthamiana | - | Kaempferol | Carvacrol Hydroquinone Scopoletin Carveol | Geraniol 3-cis-hexenol Perillyl alcohol 1-octen-3-ol Benzyl alcohol Lavandulol Tyrosol Myrtenol Farnesol 2-phenylethanol | [77] |
UGT72B35 | Nbv6. 1trP72850 | N. benthamiana | - | Kaempferol | Carvacrol Hydroquinone Scopoletin | Benzyl alcohol Tyrosol Furanmethanethiol α-bisabolol 1-octen-3-ol 2-phenylethanol | [77] |
PtGT1 | HM776516 | P. tomentosa | - | - | - | - | [38] |
UGT72AZ1 | Potri- 7G030300 | P. tremula x P. alba | - | - | - | - | [61] |
UGT72AZ2 | Potri- 7G030400 | P. tremula x P. alba | Ferulic acid Sinapic acid | - | - | - | [61] |
UGT72A2 | Potri- 7G030500 | P. tremula x P. alba | - | - | - | - | [27,61] |
UGT72B37 | Potri- 14G096100 | P. tremula x P. alba | p-coumaraldehyde Coniferaldehyde Sinapaldehyde Coniferyl alcohol Sinapyl alcohol | - | - | - | [61] |
UGT72B39 | Potri- 2G168600 | P. tremula x P. alba | Coniferyl alcohol | - | - | - | [61] |
SlUGT5 | HM209439 | S. lycopersicum | Cinnamyl alcohol | Kaempferol | Methyl salicylate Guaiacol Eugenol Hydroquinone Salicyl alcohol (7-O) | Benzyl alcohol | [62] |
UGT72U1 | Not available | V. planifolia | Vanillin | - | - | - | [63] |
UGT72B27 | AM483418 | V. vinifera | Vanillin | - | Trans-resveratrol (3-O, 4′-O) Thymol Carvacrol Eugenol Guaiacol 4-methylguaiacol Syringol 4-methylsyringol m-cresol o-cresol Alternariol | Menthol Sotolone Furaneol Homofuraneol | [64,73,78,79] |
3.2. Possible Roles of UGT72s in Monolignol Homeostasis and in the Regulation of Lignification
3.2.1. Monolignol Homeostasis
3.2.2. Regulation of Lignification
3.3. UGT72s Involved in Flavonoid Homeostasis
3.4. The Subcellular Localization of UGT72s Provides Information on Their Functions
4. Challenges and Perspectives in UGT Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taxon | Species | Number of UGTs | References |
---|---|---|---|
Green Algae–Chlamydomonadaceae | C. reinhardtii | 5 | [45] (Pfam: PF00201) |
Marchantiophytes–Marchantiaceae | Marchantia polymorpha | 41 | [41] |
Bryophytes–Funariaceae | Physcomitrella patens | 30 | [11] |
Lycopodiophytes–Selaginellaceae | Selaginella moellendorffi | 137 | |
Gymnosperms–Ginkgoaceae | Ginkgo biloba | 129 | |
Gymnosperms–Pinaceae | P. taeda | 243 | |
Angiosperm dicotyledons–Solanaceae | Solanum lycopersicum | 162 | |
Angiosperm dicotyledons–Brassicaceae | A. thaliana | 123 | |
Angiosperm dicotyledons–Salicaceae | P. trichocarpa | 281 | [46] |
Angiosperms monocotyledons–Poaceae | O. sativa | 184 | [11] |
Gene (Species) | Preferential Expression (by RT-qPCR) | Promoter Activity (by GUS Assay) | Mutation/Silencing | Overexpression | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UGT72B1 (A. thaliana) | Young stem (6-week-old) | Cortex, xylem and pith of the young stem (about 6-week-old); xylem of the old stem (about 6-week-old) | Mutation: 3-fold more coniferin in young stem; increased (1.6-fold more lignin) and ectopic lignification in floral stems; 4-fold higher S/G ratio; 4-fold thicker secondary cell walls; repression of shoot growth | 1.7-fold more coniferin in young stem | [39] |
UGT72E1 (A. thaliana) | 2-day-old seedling; 14-day-old root; 14-day-old aerial part; 4-week-old leaf; 4-week-old senescent leaf | Root of the seedling (10-day-old); base of trichome (10-day-old); base of the silique | / | 2-fold more coniferin in light-grown roots; accumulation of coniferin in leaves | [36,37] |
UGT72E2 (A. thaliana) | 2-day-old seedling; 14-day-old root | Vascular tissue of the leaf (4-week-old), flower (4-week-old) and seedling (10-day-old) | Silencing: 2-fold less coniferin and syringin in light-grown roots | 10-fold more coniferin and 2-fold more syringin in light-grown roots; accumulation of coniferin and syringin in leaves; 6-fold less sinapoyl malate in leaves; accumulation of ferulic acid glucoside in leaves; less susceptible to Verticillum longisporum | [36] |
UGT72E3 (A. thaliana) | Seedling (2-day-old); root (14-day-old); flower (4-week-old); silique | Vascular tissue of the flower (4-week-old) and seedling (10-day-old) | Mutation: 40% more lignin in xylem and interfascicular fibers of the young part of the floral stem; higher capacity of monolignol incorporation in the cell wall | 3-fold more coniferin and 2-fold more syringin in light-grown roots; accumulation of coniferin and syringin in leaves; 15-fold less sinapoyl malate in leaves; accumulation of ferulic acid and sinapic acid glucosides in leaves | [36,37,40] |
PtGT1 (P. tomentosa) | Upper stem (2-month-old) | ns | ns | Early flowering (40% less leaves at bolting); 60% more lignin in stem (when expressed in Nicotiana tabacum) | [38] |
UGT72AZ1 (P. tremula × P. alba) | Phloem of the stem (4-month-old) | Phloem in the stem and leaf (4-month-old) | ns | Accumulation of coniferin and syringin in leaves | [61] |
UGT72AZ2 (P. tremula × P. alba) | Young root (4-month-old) | Cortex, phloem and differentiating xylem in the root (4-month-old) | ns | Accumulation of coniferin in leaves | [61] |
UGT72B37 (P. tremula × P. alba) | Secondary xylem of the stem (4-month-old) | Xylem of the stem (4-month-old) | ns | / | [61] |
UGT72B39 (P. tremula × P. alba) | Secondary xylem of the stem (4-month-old); young root (4-month-old) | Xylem of the stem (4-month-old) | ns | / | [61] |
UGT72 (Species) | Preferential Expression (RT-qPCR) | Promoter Activity (GUS Assay) | Mutation/Silencing | Overexpression | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UGT72L1 (M. truncatula) | ns | Expressed in A. thaliana: junction hypocotyl-root; base of the rosette leaves; tip of the cotyledon; leaf trichome; mid-rib of rosette leaves; peduncles of siliques and inflorescence; immature seed | Mutation: 30% less epicatechin, epicatechin 3′-O-glucoside; 50% less extractable proanthocyanidins in the seeds | Hairy root: 100% more extractable proanthocyanidins; 25% more non-extractable proanthocyanidins; 40% less anthocyanins | [95] |
UGT72A2 (P. tremula × P. alba) | Young stem; young leaf | Primary xylem of the stem | Silencing: leaf yellowing and necrosis; in leaves: 50% higher lipid peroxidation; 30% less total flavonoids; 40% less anthocyanins; 20% less phenolics; 5-fold more soluble proanthocyanidins; 3-fold more insoluble proanthocyanidins; 3-fold less soluble peroxidase activity; 2-fold lower NADPH/NADP+ ratio; higher tolerance to methyl viologen | 30% more total flavonoids in leaf | [27,61] |
UGT72AD1 (L. japonicus) | Seed (20 days after pollination) | ns | ns | Hairy root: 1.8-fold more flavonol. Expressed in A. thaliana: 2-fold more flavonoid and flavonol in seedling; inhibition of root growth | [66] |
UGT72Z2 (L. japonicus) | Seed (16 days after pollination) | ns | ns | Hairy root: 1.6-fold more flavonol. Expressed in A. thaliana: 1.7-fold more flavonoid and 1.5-fold more flavonol in seedling; inhibition of root growth | [66] |
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Speeckaert, N.; El Jaziri, M.; Baucher, M.; Behr, M. UGT72, a Major Glycosyltransferase Family for Flavonoid and Monolignol Homeostasis in Plants. Biology 2022, 11, 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030441
Speeckaert N, El Jaziri M, Baucher M, Behr M. UGT72, a Major Glycosyltransferase Family for Flavonoid and Monolignol Homeostasis in Plants. Biology. 2022; 11(3):441. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030441
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpeeckaert, Nathanaël, Mondher El Jaziri, Marie Baucher, and Marc Behr. 2022. "UGT72, a Major Glycosyltransferase Family for Flavonoid and Monolignol Homeostasis in Plants" Biology 11, no. 3: 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11030441