Pollen as Bee Medicine: Is Prevention Better than Cure?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Pollen
2.1.1. Experimental Design
2.1.2. Host Tolerance
2.1.3. Host Resistance
2.2. Self-Medicative Behaviour
2.2.1. Experimental Design
2.2.2. Pollen Preference and Infection Cure
3. Results
3.1. Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of Pollen
3.1.1. Host Tolerance
3.1.2. Host Resistance
3.2. Self-Medicative Behaviour
4. Discussion
4.1. Is Prevention Better Than Cure?
4.1.1. Pollen Diets Override Parasite Impacts
4.1.2. Specific Pollen Diets Hamper Parasite Establishment
4.2. Are Infected Bumble Bees Able to Self-Medicate?
4.2.1. The Importance of Parasite Virulence
4.2.2. The Neglected Role of Sociality
5. Conclusion and Future Directions
5.1. Designing an Adequate Control Diet
5.2. Giving Parasites a Chance
5.3. Mixing Behaviour, Narrow Diet and Self-Medication
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Model Species
Appendix B. Parasite Reservoirs and Inoculation
References
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Vanderplanck, M.; Marin, L.; Michez, D.; Gekière, A. Pollen as Bee Medicine: Is Prevention Better than Cure? Biology 2023, 12, 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12040497
Vanderplanck M, Marin L, Michez D, Gekière A. Pollen as Bee Medicine: Is Prevention Better than Cure? Biology. 2023; 12(4):497. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12040497
Chicago/Turabian StyleVanderplanck, Maryse, Lucie Marin, Denis Michez, and Antoine Gekière. 2023. "Pollen as Bee Medicine: Is Prevention Better than Cure?" Biology 12, no. 4: 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12040497