Management Economic Systems and Governance to Reduce Potential Risks in Digital Silk Road Investments: Legal Cooperation between Hainan Free Trade Port and Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Privacy, Security Risks, and Threat of Cyberterrorism
2.2. The Hainan FTP’s Role in Supporting Africa’s Growth
2.3. Conflicts of the Relationship between National Initiatives and Commercial Need
2.4. Digital Investment and the B&R
2.5. Digital Investment and Governance Mechanisms
2.6. Digital Investment and Technology Transfer
2.7. Digital Investment and International Cooperation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Methodology
3.2. Data Source
3.3. Results
3.3.1. Digital Investment Cooperation between China and Ethiopia
3.3.2. WJP and ROL
4. Analysis and Discussion
4.1. Paths to Resolve Risks in DSR Investment
4.2. Digital Investment, Governance Mechanisms, Cross-Border Transactions, and Technology
4.3. The Hainan FTP to Solving Future Development Prospects for African Nations
5. Conclusions
5.1. Implications
5.2. Study of Limitations and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China’s stock of direct investment in Ethiopia (USD 10,000) | 91,462 | 113,013 | 200,065 | 197,556 | 256,816 | 255,887 | 299,280 | 281,090 | 262,032 |
Total stock of foreign direct investment flowing into Ethiopia (USD 10,000) | 726,400 | 1,069,200 | 1,370,000 | 1,851,200 | 2,225,300 | 2,492,300 | 2,735,100 | 3,161,100 | 3,528,100 |
Percentage of the total stock of direct investment in Ethiopia | 12.6% | 10.6% | 14.6% | 10.7% | 11.5% | 10.3% | 10.9% | 8.9% | 7.4% |
Country | Project | Financier | Borrower | Implementation | Amount | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tanzania | National ICT Broadband Backbone (NICTBB) Phase II | Exim bank | Tanzanian government | CITCC, Huawei | USD 100 m | 2010 |
Cameroon | National Broadband Network Phase I:4G mobile broadband (LTE) | Exim bank | Cameroonian government | Huawei | USD 168 m | 2011 |
Kenya | National Optic Fibre Backbone Infrastructure (NOFBI). Phase II: E-government | Exim bank | Kenyan government | Huawei | USD 7l m | 2012 |
Nigeria | Galaxy Backbone project for National Security development system | Exim bank | Nigerian government | Huawei | USD 100 m | 2012 |
Ethiopia | Telecom Transformation and Expansion (4G network and mobile expansion) 6 Circles—ZTE | Exim bank | Ethiopian government | ZTE | USD 300 m | 2013 |
Ethiopia | Telecom Transformation and Expansion (4G network and mobile expansion) 7 Circles—Huawei | Exim bank | Ethiopian government | Huawei | USD 800 m | 2013 |
Tanzania | National ICT Broadband Backbone (NICTBB) Phase III | Exim bank | Tanzanian government | CITCC, Huawei | USD 94 m | 2013 |
Nigeria | National Information Communication Technology Infrastructure Backbone (NICTIB) Phase I | Exim bank | Tanzanian government | Huawei | USD 100 m | 2013 |
Guinea | National Backbone fiber optics | Exim bank | Guinean government | Huawei | USD 214.2 m | 2014 |
Cameroon | National Telecommunications Broadband Network Project Phase II | Exim bank | Cameroonian government | Huawei | USD 337 m | 2015 |
Ivory Coast | Abidjan Video Surveillance Platform | Exim bank | Ivory Coast government | Huawei | USD 56.7 m | 2016 |
Cameroon | South Atlantic Inter Link (SAIL) | Exim bank | Cameroonian government | Huawei | USD 85 m | 2017 |
Nigeria | National Information Communication Technology Infrastructure Backbone (NICTIB) Phase II | Exim bank | Nigerian government | Huawei | USD 334 m | 2018 |
Sierra Leone | Fibre Optic Backbone Network Phase II | Exim bank | Sierra Leonean government | Huawei | USD 30 m | 2019 |
Year | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2017–2018 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Index | Overall Score | Ranking | Overall Score | Ranking | Overall Score | Ranking | Overall Score | Ranking | Overall Score | Ranking | Overall Score | Ranking |
Ethiopia | 0.38 | 129/142 | 0.39 | 123/140 | 0.41 | 122/139 | 0.41 | 114/128 | 0.39 | 118/126 | 0.38 | 107/113 |
Area | Country | DB Index | WGI | WJP ROL Index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ease of DB Score | Ease of DB Ranking | Regulatory Quality | Rule of Law | Overall Score | Ranking | ||||
Estimate of Governance | Percentile Ranking | Estimate of Governance | Percentile Ranking | ||||||
East Asia | Mongolia | 67.8 | 81 | −0.27 | 42.45 | −0.19 | 45.75 | 0.53 | 64 |
China | 77.9 | 31 | −0.42 | 36.79 | −0.04 | 52.83 | 0.47 | 97 | |
Southeast Asia | Brunei | 70.1 | 66 | 1.07 | 82.55 | 0.93 | 80.19 | — | — |
Indonesia | 69.6 | 73 | 0.21 | 59.43 | −0.19 | 45.28 | 0.53 | 66 | |
Laos | 50.8 | 154 | −0.99 | 16.04 | −0.18 | 23.58 | — | — | |
Malaysia | 81.5 | 12 | 0.64 | 72.64 | 0.56 | 68.40 | 0.57 | 55 | |
Myanmar | 46.8 | 165 | −1.24 | 9.91 | −1.53 | 5.66 | 0.35 | 135 | |
Philippines | 62.8 | 95 | 0.06 | 53.77 | −0.52 | 33.49 | 0.46 | 100 | |
Singapore | 86.2 | 2 | 2.21 | 100.00 | 1.78 | 99.06 | 0.78 | 17 | |
Thailand | 80.1 | 21 | 0.17 | 58.49 | 0.07 | 54.72 | 0.49 | 82 | |
Vietnam | 69.8 | 70 | −0.43 | 36.32 | −0.16 | 47.64 | 0.49 | 87 | |
West Asia | Bahrain | 76 | 43 | 0.97 | 78.30 | 0.44 | 65.09 | — | — |
Iran | 58.5 | 127 | −1.59 | 4.25 | −1.02 | 17.45 | 0.39 | 126 | |
Iraq | 44.7 | 172 | −1.18 | 11.79 | −1.75 | 3.30 | — | — | |
Israel | 76.7 | 35 | 1.21 | 86.32 | 0.95 | 81.13 | — | — | |
Jordan | 69 | 75 | 0.16 | 57.08 | 0.22 | 57.08 | 0.55 | 62 | |
Kuwait | 67.4 | 83 | 0.21 | 60.38 | 0.28 | 57.55 | 0.58 | 52 | |
Lebanon | 54.3 | 143 | −1.13 | 13.68 | −1.10 | 13.68 | 0.45 | 107 | |
Oman | 70 | 68 | 0.43 | 65.57 | 0.50 | 66.51 | — | — | |
Palestine | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Qatar | 68.7 | 77 | 0.87 | 77.36 | 0.92 | 79.25 | — | — | |
Saudi Arabia | 71.6 | 62 | 0.42 | 65.09 | 0.29 | 58.02 | — | — | |
Syria | 42 | 176 | −1.82 | 3.77 | −2.07 | 0.94 | — | — | |
Türkiye | 76.8 | 33 | −0.24 | 43.40 | 0.46 | 36.79 | 0.41 | 117 | |
The United Arab Emirates | 80.9 | 16 | 1.03 | 82.08 | 0.84 | 78.77 | 0.64 | 37 | |
Yemen | 31.8 | 187 | −1.92 | 2.83 | −1.85 | 1.89 | — | — | |
Cyprus | 73.4 | 54 | 0.77 | 75.47 | 0.57 | 68.87 | 0.68 | 31 | |
Greece | 68.4 | 79 | 0.46 | 67.45 | 0.33 | 59.91 | 0.61 | 47 | |
Egypt | 60.1 | 114 | −0.71 | 24.53 | −0.26 | 42.45 | 0.35 | 136 | |
South Asia | Afghanistan | 44.1 | 173 | −1.27 | 8.96 | −1.66 | 5.19 | 0.32 | 140 |
Bangladesh | 45 | 168 | −0.93 | 17.92 | −0.60 | 29.72 | 0.38 | 127 | |
Bhutan | 66 | 89 | −0.38 | 38.68 | 0.67 | 71.70 | — | — | |
India | 71 | 63 | −0.05 | 50.94 | 0.11 | 55.19 | 0.49 | 79 | |
Maldives | 53.3 | 147 | −0.66 | 26.89 | −0.03 | 53.30 | — | — | |
Nepal | 63.2 | 94 | −0.65 | 27.83 | −0.45 | 37.74 | 0.52 | 71 | |
Pakistan | 61 | 108 | −0.89 | 20.28 | −0.67 | 25 | 0.38 | 130 | |
Sri Lanka | 61.8 | 99 | −0.65 | 27.36 | −0.06 | 52.36 | 0.50 | 77 | |
Central Asia | Kazakhstan | 79.6 | 25 | −0.01 | 52.83 | −0.47 | 35.85 | 0.53 | 65 |
Kyrgyzstan | 67.8 | 80 | −0.63 | 28.77 | −1.15 | 12.74 | 0.45 | 103 | |
Tajikistan | 61.3 | 106 | −1.20 | 11.32 | −1.26 | 10.85 | — | — | |
Turkmenistan | — | — | −2.07 | 1.89 | −1.49 | 6.13 | — | — | |
Uzbekistan | 69.9 | 69 | −0.55 | 31.60 | −0.85 | 21.70 | 0.50 | 78 | |
CIS | Armenia | 74.5 | 47 | −0.02 | 51.89 | −0.14 | 46.23 | — | — |
Azerbaijan | 76.7 | 34 | −0.10 | 48.11 | −0.62 | 25.94 | — | — | |
Belarus | 74.3 | 49 | −1.33 | 7.55 | −1.22 | 11.79 | 0.45 | 104 | |
Georgia | 83.7 | 7 | 1.03 | 81.60 | 0.17 | 56.60 | 0.60 | 48 | |
Moldova | 74.4 | 48 | 0.10 | 54.72 | −0.29 | 41.98 | 0.53 | 68 | |
Russia | 78.2 | 28 | −1.14 | 13.21 | −1.20 | 12.26 | 0.44 | 113 | |
Ukraine | 70.2 | 64 | −0.33 | 40.57 | −0.92 | 18.87 | 0.49 | 89 | |
Central and Eastern Europe | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 65.4 | 90 | −0.16 | 45.75 | −0.31 | 41.51 | 0.51 | 75 |
Bulgaria | 72 | 61 | 0.22 | 61.79 | −0.11 | 49.53 | 0.56 | 59 | |
Croatia | 73.6 | 51 | 0.50 | 68.40 | 0.37 | 61.32 | 0.61 | 45 | |
Czech Republic | 76.3 | 41 | 1.39 | 88.68 | 1.10 | 83.49 | 0.73 | 20 | |
Estonia | 80.6 | 18 | 1.56 | 92.92 | 1.42 | 89.62 | 0.82 | 9 | |
Hungary | 73.4 | 52 | 0.41 | 64.62 | 0.42 | 63.21 | 0.51 | 73 | |
Latvia | 80.3 | 19 | 1.17 | 84.91 | 0.92 | 79.72 | 0.73 | 22 | |
Lithuania | 81.6 | 11 | 1.30 | 87.74 | 1.06 | 83.02 | 0.77 | 18 | |
North Macedonia | 80.7 | 17 | 0.45 | 66.98 | −0.10 | 50.00 | 0.53 | 67 | |
Montenegro | 73.7 | 50 | 0.54 | 69.34 | −0.13 | 48.58 | 0.56 | 57 | |
Poland | 76.4 | 40 | 0.72 | 74.53 | 0.43 | 64.15 | 0.64 | 36 | |
Romania | 73.3 | 55 | 0.36 | 63.68 | 0.40 | 62.26 | 0.63 | 40 | |
Serbia | 75.7 | 44 | 0.14 | 56.13 | −0.11 | 49.06 | 0.48 | 93 | |
Slovakia | 75.6 | 45 | 0.85 | 76.89 | 0.62 | 70.28 | 0.66 | 34 | |
Slovenia | 76.5 | 37 | 0.85 | 76.89 | 0.97 | 82.55 | 0.69 | 27 |
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Wang, S.; Li, Q.; Khaskheli, M.B. Management Economic Systems and Governance to Reduce Potential Risks in Digital Silk Road Investments: Legal Cooperation between Hainan Free Trade Port and Ethiopia. Systems 2024, 12, 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12080305
Wang S, Li Q, Khaskheli MB. Management Economic Systems and Governance to Reduce Potential Risks in Digital Silk Road Investments: Legal Cooperation between Hainan Free Trade Port and Ethiopia. Systems. 2024; 12(8):305. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12080305
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shumin, Qianyu Li, and Muhammad Bilawal Khaskheli. 2024. "Management Economic Systems and Governance to Reduce Potential Risks in Digital Silk Road Investments: Legal Cooperation between Hainan Free Trade Port and Ethiopia" Systems 12, no. 8: 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12080305