Exploring the Role of Autonomous Trucks in Addressing Challenges within the Trucking Industry: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review Methodology and Overview on Papers
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Autonomy Level
- Level 0: This level offers warnings and momentary assistance, such as automatic emergency braking, blind spot warning, and lane departure warning.
- Level 1: This level provides either steering OR brake/acceleration support, such as lane centering or adaptive cruise control.
- Level 2: This level provides both steering AND brake/acceleration support, such as lane centering and adaptive cruise control.
- Level 3: This level involves driving the vehicle under limited conditions. The system will not operate unless all required conditions are met, similar to a traffic jam chauffeur. Note that at this level, if the system requests, manual driving is required.
- Level 4: This level is akin to level 3, but it will not request manual driving. An example would be a local driverless taxi.
- Level 5: This level is similar to level 4 but can be utilized in all circumstances.
2.3. Overview of Papers
2.3.1. Distribution of Papers per Publishing Year and Type
2.3.2. Distribution of Papers per Publisher/Journal/Conference
2.4. Literature Limitations
3. Thematic Categorization in the Literature Review
3.1. Thematic Categorization
- Studies addressing challenges and considerations related to the emergence of autonomous trucks and foundational issues, which are labeled as foundational aspects of autonomous truck implementation.
- Studies addressing issues and opportunities that arise following the emergence of autonomous trucks, with a focus on improving implementation quality. This falls under the category of practical implementation and economic analysis of autonomous trucks.
3.1.1. Foundational Aspects of Autonomous Truck Implementation
- Core Technologies: This subdivision focuses on the enhancement of technology and design aspects of autonomous trucks. In the initial stages of autonomous truck adoption, there is a pronounced necessity for technological advancements. Initially, the priority must be on developing and implementing feasible innovations rather than on societal impacts. However, as the deployment and testing of autonomous truck prototypes advance, a transition from a focus on technological development to community engagement is anticipated. This comprehensive literature review categorizes the research on autonomous trucks into three primary subcategories: truck maneuvering, environmental recognition, and connectivity. These categories will be meticulously examined in the subsequent sections. A thorough analysis of the data presented in Figure 3 underscores that truck maneuvering is the most emphasized core technology in the foundational aspects of autonomous truck implementation. Specifically, 25 out of 42 reviewed studies concentrated on the development of algorithms aimed at achieving smoother and more optimized maneuvers under diverse conditions. Detailed recommendations regarding these subcategories will be provided in the ensuing sections.
- Community Engagement: This subdivision aims to gather insights from the target community, which includes drivers, company owners, and policymakers. Changes in transportation significantly impact the supply chain. While some studies in the reviewed literature have devoted efforts to examining this facet, only 25 out of 67 articles on foundational aspects addressed these effects. In total, only 20% of the studies have focused on analyzing impacts, barriers, and adoption rates. As has been previously established, policymaking is as crucial as the technical aspects of new technology. Therefore, it is imperative to suggest more investigations into community engagement within foundational aspects. In this study, only 25 research papers could be classified under community engagement, with three categories created to differentiate them. However, critical gaps in the literature remain evident. Notably, there is a significant lack of research focused on policymaking to facilitate the implementation of this new technology. Although this gap can be considered a practical implementation issue, its foundational aspect is discussed here. The introduction of autonomous trucks is expected to cause substantial disruptions in the foundational aspects of the supply chain, raising serious questions.
Acceptance Survey
Legal, Social, and Operational Barriers
Core Technologies for Autonomous Truck Implementation
- Truck maneuvering
- 2.
- Environment recognizing
- 3.
- Connecting
Adoption Rate Prediction
3.1.2. Practical Implementation and Economic Analysis of Autonomous Trucks
Infrastructure
Systemic Performance Optimization
- Planning
- 2.
- Platooning
- Focused on performance
- b.
- Focused on pavement
- 3.
- Others
Cost Estimation
3.2. Research Method Categorization
3.2.1. Autonomous Technology Description
Autonomous
Connected
Assisted
3.2.2. Data Collecting Method
Existing Data
Simulation
Questionnaire
Real World Test
3.2.3. Research Environment Limitation
3.2.4. Fuel Type of Autonomous Trucks
3.2.5. Approach to Analysis: Simultaneous or Separate
4. Conclusions and Insights
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Gross Domestic Product. |
2 | https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/ (accessed on 29 February 2024). |
3 | https://scholar.google.com/ (accessed on 9 October 2023). |
4 | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp, i.e., ee.org/Xplore/home.jsp (accessed on 20 October 2023). |
5 | https://www.mdpi.com/ (accessed on 22 October 2023). |
6 | https://trid.trb.org/ (accessed on 4 April 2024). |
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Publisher | Number of Selected Papers |
---|---|
IEEE | 38 |
Elsevier | 22 |
MDPI | 17 |
Springer | 7 |
SAGE | 7 |
Informa | 5 |
Other publishers | 29 |
Total | 125 |
Journal/Conference | Number of Selected Papers |
---|---|
Transportation Research Record | 6 |
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems | 5 |
IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) | 5 |
International Conference on Instrumentation, Control, and Automation (ICA) | 5 |
SN Applied Sciences | 4 |
Sustainability | 4 |
IFAC-PapersOnLine | 4 |
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles | 3 |
IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) | 3 |
Research in Transportation Economics | 2 |
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies | 2 |
Energies | 2 |
Electronics | 2 |
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment | 2 |
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review | 2 |
Sensors | 2 |
Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems | 2 |
Road Materials and Pavement Design | 2 |
Transportation Research Part B: Methodological | 2 |
International Journal of Pavement Engineering | 2 |
Other journals/conferences | 64 |
Total | 125 |
Foundational Aspects of ATs Implementation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Core Technology for ATs Implementation | |||||
Acceptance Survey | Legal, Operational, and Social Barriers | Truck Maneuvering | Environment Recognizing | Connections | Adoption Rate Prediction |
[32,33,34,35,36,37] | [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49] | [50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74] | [75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83] | [84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91] | [92,93,94,95,96,97,98] |
Practical Implementation and Economic Analysis of ATs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Systemic Performance Optimization | |||||
Platooning | |||||
Cost Estimation | Planning | Performance | Pavement | Others | Infrastructure |
[20,100,101,102,103,104,105,106] | [107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121] | [122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131] | [132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139] | [99,140,141,142,143,144,145] | [146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155] |
Autonomy Description | ||
---|---|---|
Autonomous | Connected | Assisted |
[20,33,37,38,39,40,41,42,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,52,53,54,55,56,57,61,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,103,104,105,106,107,109,111,112,114,115,116,117,120,121,124,134,140,141,143,145,146,147,148,149,150,154] | [34,36,43,59,60,62,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,102,108,110,113,118,119,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,135,136,137,138,139,142,144,151,152,153,155] | [32,35,37,38,51,58,92,98] |
Data Collecting Method | |||
---|---|---|---|
Existing Data | Simulation | Questionnaire | Real Word Test |
[20,39,40,41,43,44,46,50,52,65,71,88,89,94,98,100,101,102,103,104,105,108,117,120,133,138,139,141,143,152,153,155] | [34,38,41,51,54,56,58,60,61,62,64,66,68,69,70,72,74,76,80,81,82,84,90,91,96,106,110,111,114,115,116,118,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,134,135,140,142,144,145,147,148,149,150,154] | [32,33,35,36,37,42,45,47,48,92,93,95,97,98,151] | [53,55,57,58,59,63,67,73,75,77,78,79,83,85,86,87,99,107,109,113,119,132,136,137,146] |
Environment of Study | ||
---|---|---|
Bounded | ||
Unbounded | Mines | Others |
[20,32,33,35,36,37,39,40,42,43,46,47,48,50,54,55,56,57,58,60,61,62,63,64,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,81,82,83,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,98,100,102,103,104,105,106,109,110,115,117,121,122,123,125,126,127,128,130,131,132,133,135,136,137,138,139,140,142,144,145,147,148,149,150,152,154] | [41,65,76,77,78,79,99,107,111,112,113,116,118,119,146,151] | [34,38,44,45,49,51,52,53,59,80,84,97,101,108,114,120,124,129,134,141,143,153,155] |
ATs’ Fuel | ||
---|---|---|
Fossil Fuels | Electricity | N/A |
[20,32,35,36,37,38,41,45,46,47,48,49,50,52,60,72,76,80,84,87,90,93,96,97,98,100,101,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,113,115,116,117,118,122,124,125,127,129,131,135,137,138,140,141,144,146,148] | [33,44,102,105,111,120,121,150] | [34,39,40,42,43,51,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,73,74,75,77,78,79,81,82,83,85,86,88,89,91,92,94,95,99,110,112,114,119,123,126,128,130,132,133,134,136,139,142,143,145,147,149,151,152,153,154,155] |
Comparison Environment | ||
---|---|---|
Separate | Simultaneous | N/A |
[41,44,45,50,51,52,59,60,65,72,76,77,80,84,85,87,92,101,103,107,108,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,124,125,126,127,128,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,141,143,150,151,152,153,155] | [32,38,43,49,56,62,67,69,73,74,104,105,109,110,123,129,139,140,144,147,148,149,154] | [20,33,34,35,36,37,39,40,42,46,47,48,53,54,55,57,58,61,63,64,66,68,70,71,75,78,79,81,82,83,86,88,89,90,91,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,102,106,142,145,146] |
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Hasiri, A.; Kermanshah, A. Exploring the Role of Autonomous Trucks in Addressing Challenges within the Trucking Industry: A Comprehensive Review. Systems 2024, 12, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12090320
Hasiri A, Kermanshah A. Exploring the Role of Autonomous Trucks in Addressing Challenges within the Trucking Industry: A Comprehensive Review. Systems. 2024; 12(9):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12090320
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasiri, Ali, and Amirhassan Kermanshah. 2024. "Exploring the Role of Autonomous Trucks in Addressing Challenges within the Trucking Industry: A Comprehensive Review" Systems 12, no. 9: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12090320