Mathematical Modeling for Predicting Growth and Yield of Halophyte Hedysarum scoparium in Arid Regions under Variable Irrigation and Soil Amendment Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Conditions
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Growth Trails
2.4. Calculation of Growing Degree Days (GDDs)
2.5. Leaf Area Index Growth Models
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Simulation of LAI Models Based on GDD
3.2. Relationship between Leaf Area Index and Water Quality under Soil Amendment Treatments
3.3. Mathematical Models for Biomass Production under Soil Amendments
4. Conclusions
- (a)
- Soil amendments like manure+sandy soil and compost+sandy soil boost the growth of Hedysarum scoparium under saline water irrigation compared with sandy soil.
- (b)
- Mathematical models between LAI and different water qualities of irrigation have been developed under different soil amendment treatments.
- (c)
- The relationship between RLAI and GDD has been developed under different soil amendment treatments.
- (d)
- Mathematical models between plant biomass production, GDD, and LAI have been developed under different water qualities of irrigation along with various soil amendment treatments.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Quality | EC (dS·m−1) | Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) | Nitrate (ppm) | Nitrite (ppm) | Chloride (ppm) | Fluoride (ppm) | Manganese (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saline water | 4.368 | 6240 | 0.4 | 0.002 | 2231.03 | 1.15 | 0.006 |
Fresh water | 0.357 | 510 | 0.4 | 0.015 | 196.75 | 0.35 | 0.006 |
Soil Types | GDD | RLAI | Mean RLAI | Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh Water | Saline Water | ||||
Sandy | 181.5 | 0.154 | 0.165 | 0.159 | 0.008 |
374 | 0.475 | 0.420 | 0.447 | 0.038 | |
554 | 0.645 | 0.603 | 0.624 | 0.029 | |
746.5 | 0.821 | 0.805 | 0.813 | 0.011 | |
932.5 | 0.870 | 0.900 | 0.885 | 0.021 | |
1117.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
1297.5 | 0.939 | 0.960 | 0.949 | 0.015 | |
Clay+Sandy | 181.5 | 0.132 | 0.147 | 0.139 | 0.010 |
374 | 0.332 | 0.339 | 0.336 | 0.005 | |
554 | 0.484 | 0.479 | 0.481 | 0.003 | |
746.5 | 0.696 | 0.707 | 0.702 | 0.007 | |
932.5 | 0.815 | 0.845 | 0.830 | 0.020 | |
1117.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
1297.5 | 0.943 | 0.961 | 0.952 | 0.012 | |
Manure+Sandy | 181.5 | 0.129 | 0.134 | 0.132 | 0.0034 |
374 | 0.392 | 0.345 | 0.369 | 0.033 | |
554 | 0.567 | 0.541 | 0.554 | 0.017 | |
746.5 | 0.743 | 0.698 | 0.721 | 0.031 | |
932.5 | 0.835 | 0.834 | 0.835 | 0.0005 | |
1117.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
1297.5 | 0.953 | 0.927 | 0.940 | 0.018 | |
Compost+Sandy | 181.5 | 0.122 | 0.128 | 0.126 | 0.004 |
374 | 0.383 | 0.373 | 0.378 | 0.006 | |
554 | 0.574 | 0.533 | 0.554 | 0.029 | |
746.5 | 0.729 | 0.698 | 0.713 | 0.02 | |
932.5 | 0.897 | 0.883 | 0.890 | 0.0100 | |
1117.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
1297.5 | 0.966 | 0.958 | 0.962 | 0.005 |
Soil Types | Expression | RE % | RMSE | R2 |
Sandy | ||||
Logistic model | 4.6 | 0.0054 | 0.99 | |
Gaussian model | 4.2 | 0.0037 | 0.97 | |
Modified Gaussian model | 3.3 | 0.0025 | 0.99 | |
Cubic model | 3.7 | 0.0032 | 0.99 | |
Clay+Sandy | ||||
Logistic model | 4.4 | 0.0075 | 0.99 | |
Gaussian model | 3.1 | 0.0055 | 0.99 | |
Modified Gaussian model | 1.5 | 0.0043 | 0.99 | |
Cubic model | 1.9 | 0.0049 | 0.99 | |
Manure+Sandy | ||||
Logistic model | 3.5 | 0.062 | 0.98 | |
Gaussian model | 2.1 | 0.057 | 0.98 | |
Modified Gaussian model | 1.5 | 0.032 | 0.99 | |
Cubic model | 1.9 | 0.047 | 0.99 | |
Compost+Sandy | ||||
Logistic model | 2.9 | 0.085 | 0.98 | |
Gaussian model | 2.1 | 0.071 | 0.98 | |
Modified Gaussian model | 1.3 | 0.051 | 0.99 | |
Cubic model | 1.7 | 0.058 | 0.99 |
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Azeem, A.; Mai, W. Mathematical Modeling for Predicting Growth and Yield of Halophyte Hedysarum scoparium in Arid Regions under Variable Irrigation and Soil Amendment Conditions. Resources 2024, 13, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13080110
Azeem A, Mai W. Mathematical Modeling for Predicting Growth and Yield of Halophyte Hedysarum scoparium in Arid Regions under Variable Irrigation and Soil Amendment Conditions. Resources. 2024; 13(8):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13080110
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzeem, Ahmad, and Wenxuan Mai. 2024. "Mathematical Modeling for Predicting Growth and Yield of Halophyte Hedysarum scoparium in Arid Regions under Variable Irrigation and Soil Amendment Conditions" Resources 13, no. 8: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13080110