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Volume 14
Issue 11
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Resources, Volume 14, Issue 11 (November 2025) – 3 articles

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35 pages, 28478 KB  
Article
The Influence of the Rainfall Extremes and Land Cover Changes on the Major Flood Events at Bekasi, West Jawa, and Its Surrounding Regions
by Fanny Meliani, Reni Sulistyowati, Elenora Gita Alamanda Sapan, Lena Sumargana, Sopia Lestari, Jaka Suryanta, Aninda Wisaksanti Rudiastuti, Ilvi Fauziyah Cahyaningtiyas, Teguh Arif Pianto, Harun Idham Akbar, Yulianingsani, Winarno, Hari Priyadi, Darmawan Listya Cahya, Bambang Winarno and Bayu Sutejo
Resources 2025, 14(11), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110169 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025
Abstract
The Bekasi River Basin is highly vulnerable to severe and recurrent flooding, as evidenced by significant infrastructure and environmental damage during major events. This study investigates the catastrophic floods of 2016, 2020, 2022, and 2025 by implementing the Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) model to simulate [...] Read more.
The Bekasi River Basin is highly vulnerable to severe and recurrent flooding, as evidenced by significant infrastructure and environmental damage during major events. This study investigates the catastrophic floods of 2016, 2020, 2022, and 2025 by implementing the Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (RRI) model to simulate key hydrological processes. After validation using historical water level data, the model performed effectively, achieving the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.75) and lowest root mean square error (RMSE = 0.66) at Cileungsi Station. In contrast, the lowest R2 = 0.02, and the highest RMSE = 3.74 at Pondok Gede Permai (PGP) Station. The results reveal a concerning trend of worsening 5-year flood events, with the 2025 flood reaching a peak inundation depth exceeding 3 m and affecting an area of 2.97 km2, caused by a rainfall threshold of more than 180 mm/day. Furthermore, the model shows a rapid hydrological response, with a time lag of approximately 7 h or less between peak rainfall and flood onset across three monitoring stations. Analysis indicates these severe floods were primarily triggered by heavy rainfall combined with significant land cover changes. The findings provide valuable insights for flood prediction and mitigation strategies in this vulnerable region. Full article
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16 pages, 1223 KB  
Article
Assessing the Factors of Natural Afforestation on Postagrogenic Lands in the Forest-Steppe over the Last Decades
by Edgar A. Terekhin and Fedor N. Lisetskii
Resources 2025, 14(11), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110168 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025
Abstract
Analysis of tree vegetation recovery on abandoned agricultural lands is one of the key tasks in landscape research. This study considered the factors of forest cover of postagrogenic lands typical of the Central Russian forest-steppe. We applied a combination of geoinformation and statistical [...] Read more.
Analysis of tree vegetation recovery on abandoned agricultural lands is one of the key tasks in landscape research. This study considered the factors of forest cover of postagrogenic lands typical of the Central Russian forest-steppe. We applied a combination of geoinformation and statistical methods to analyze the relationship between climatic, geomorphological, and soil factors and the forest cover of abandoned agricultural lands. The results of this study showed varying strengths of the relationship between the climatic factors of the warm and cold seasons and the afforestation rate of postagrogenic lands. In the flat terrain region, warm-season climatic variables have a major effect on forest cover. Among the climatic factors, the precipitation of the warmest quarter and the hydrothermal coefficient show the strongest direct correlation with the forest cover of the abandoned agricultural lands. The accumulated temperature over the period with values above 10 °C and the average temperature of the warmest quarter show the strongest inverse correlation with forest cover. It has been established that soil type has a significant impact on the rate of abandoned lands afforestation. Forest cover on even-aged abandoned agricultural lands on gray forest soils (Haplic Phaeozems) is, on average, twice that of chernozem soils. The variation in forest cover is higher on abandoned croplands located on Chernozem. We analyzed forest cover as a variable dependent on various environmental conditions and proposed a number of multivariate regression models that estimate forest cover as a response to a combination of climatic, geomorphological, and soil conditions. As a result, the influence of various factors on the afforestation rate of postagrogenic lands was quantitatively shown. Full article
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19 pages, 1540 KB  
Article
Polymer-Driven Fuel Conditioning: A Novel Approach to Improving the Stability and Environmental Performance of Marine Fuels
by George Tzilantonis, Eleni Zafeiriou, Adam Stimoniaris, Athanasios Kanapitsas and Constantinos Tsanaktsidis
Resources 2025, 14(11), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14110167 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025
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Abstract
The precise regulation of water content plays a pivotal role in determining several the critical properties of marine fuels, including combustion stability, corrosion resistance, and the mitigation of pollutant emissions. The present study introduces an innovative, additive-free technique for moisture extraction from Marine [...] Read more.
The precise regulation of water content plays a pivotal role in determining several the critical properties of marine fuels, including combustion stability, corrosion resistance, and the mitigation of pollutant emissions. The present study introduces an innovative, additive-free technique for moisture extraction from Marine Gasoil (MGO) utilizing the hydrophilic polymer polyacrylamide, which leverages its polar amino groups to attract water molecules. This process facilitates the physical extraction of moisture without modifying the fuel’s composition, in contrast to traditional drying techniques or chemical additions. Experimental findings indicate a 34.6% decrease in water content in MGO (from 29.3 mg/kg to 19.15 mg/kg) and a 36.5% reduction in MGO–biodiesel blends (from 32.04 mg/kg to 20.34 mg/kg), accomplished within one hour of treatment. The scientific significance of this work lies in its discovery of polyacrylamide’s ability to retain moisture within a nonpolar fuel matrix—a phenomenon not previously investigated in maritime fuel applications. The findings highlight the potential for further research into polymer–fuel interactions and non-chemical strategies for fuel enhancement. Economically, the proposed technology reduces dependence on costly chemical additives and energy-intensive drying processes, while environmentally, it improves combustion efficiency and lowers emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke. Overall, the results introduce a novel, sustainable, and practical process for improving maritime fuel quality, while supporting compliance with increasingly stringent regional and global environmental regulations. Full article
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