Performance Analysis of Root Anycast Nodes Based on Active Measurement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Based on the active measurement data, we conduct a detailed analysis of the resolution latency of the anycast nodes, the actual situation of the anycast nodes hit by users of different operators in different geographic locations, and the factors affecting the service quality of the root servers. Those analyses are helpful for root management and introduction institutions to understand the actual service status of the anycast nodes and provide a specific basis for adjusting and improving the service quality of anycast nodes.
- An algorithm for locating the geographical position of the root anycast node based on multi-source information is proposed. Through this method, the anycast nodes can be located effectively, which provides data support for studying of the service scope and quality of the root anycast nodes, as well as the selection of sites for additional nodes.
- The active measurement data in this paper can also be used to discover top-level domain anomalies, such as hijacking events, to a certain extent, improving the security of the root resolution data.
2. Related Work
3. Methodology
3.1. Vantage Points
3.2. Measurement Method
- Which root anycast node does each response datum come from?
- How do we determine the geographic location of each root anycast node?
3.3. The Geolocation of the Root Anycast Nodes
Algorithm 1. The geographic location of root anycast nodes |
|
3.4. The Service Performance of the Root Anycast Nodes
4. Result Analysis
4.1. The Overall Response Times of the Root Servers
4.2. Differences in Selecting Anycast Nodes between ISPs
4.2.1. F Root (Local)
4.2.2. K Root (Local + Global)
4.2.3. L Root (Global)
4.3. Summary of Three Different Types of Root Analysis
4.4. Hijacking Abnormal Events
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
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Content and Detection Method | User Perspective Analysis | Real-Time Active Detection Data | Identifying Anycast Nodes | Locating Anycast Nodes | No Testbed Data Bias | Related Work |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
“Traceroute + Chaos” path analysis | × | √ | √ | √ | × | [4,10] |
Study performance of root based on RTTs | × | √ | × | √ | √ | [8,9,23] |
Based on BGP data | √ | × | √ | × | × | [5,6,22] |
Based on geographical path | × | √ | × | √ | √ | [20,21] |
Based on active distributed detection | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | Our work |
Root Instance | China Mobile (22) | China Unicom (22) | China Telecom (22) | Country and City | Instance Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ns1.cn-ggz.k.ripe.net | 6 | 0 | 21 | China, Guangzhou | Local |
ns1.cn-gya.k.ripe.net | 17 | 22 | 0 | China, Guiyang | Global |
ns1.jp-tyo.k.ripe.net | 0 | 0 | 1 | Japan, Tokyo | Global |
ns2.jp-tyo.k.ripe.net | 0 | 0 | 1 | Japan, Tokyo | Global |
ns3.jp-tyo.k.ripe.net | 0 | 0 | 1 | Japan, Tokyo | Global |
Root Instance | China Mobile (22) | China Unicom (22) | China Telecom (22) | Country and City | Instance Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
au-mas-aa | 0 | 0 | 21 | Australia, Sydney | Global |
cn-bjd-aa | 0 | 21 | 0 | China, Beijing | Global |
cn-cgo-aa | 21 | 0 | 0 | China, Zhengzhou | Global |
cn-cgo-ab | 16 | 0 | 0 | China, Zhengzhou | Global |
kr-icn-aa | 0 | 0 | 1 | Korea, Incheon | Global |
cn-nhn-ab | 0 | 1 | 0 | China, Wuhan | Global |
cn-xnt-aa | 1 | 0 | 0 | China, Xining | Global |
cn-xnt-ab | 1 | 0 | 0 | China, Xining | Global |
cn-bjd-ab | 0 | 0 | 0 | China, Beijing | Global |
cn-bjd-ac | 0 | 0 | 0 | China, Beijing | Global |
cn-bjd-ad | 0 | 0 | 0 | China, Beijing | Global |
cn-pvg-aa | 0 | 0 | 0 | China, Shanghai | Global |
cn-nhn-aa | 0 | 0 | 0 | China, Wuhan | Global |
Root | Deployment Type | Statistics on the Number of Vantage Points of Three ISPs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China Mobile | China Unicom | China Telecom | ||||||
F | Local | Local | Local | Local | Global-out | |||
100% | 100% | 95% | 5% (Shanghai Telecom) | |||||
K | Local + Global | Local | Global-in | Local | Global-in | Local | Global-in | Global-out |
27% | 77% | 0 | 100% | 95% | 0 | 5% (Shanghai Telecom) | ||
L | Global | Global-in | Global-in | Global-in | Global-out | |||
100% | 100% | 0 | 100% |
TLD | NSID | NS Servers | NS_TTL | Position of Vantage Point | ISP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mh | null | ns.amarshallinc.com.; ns.nta.mh. | 30; 30 | Inner Mongolia | China Mobile |
xn--zfr164b | null | ns12.sdc.org.cn.; ns13.sdc.org.cn.; ns14.sdc.org.cn. | 3600; 3600; 3600 | Guizhou | China Mobile |
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Li, C.; Cheng, Y.; Men, H.; Zhang, Z.; Li, N. Performance Analysis of Root Anycast Nodes Based on Active Measurement. Electronics 2022, 11, 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081194
Li C, Cheng Y, Men H, Zhang Z, Li N. Performance Analysis of Root Anycast Nodes Based on Active Measurement. Electronics. 2022; 11(8):1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081194
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chao, Yanan Cheng, Hao Men, Zhaoxin Zhang, and Ning Li. 2022. "Performance Analysis of Root Anycast Nodes Based on Active Measurement" Electronics 11, no. 8: 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081194