Digital Twins Verification and Validation Approach through the Quintuple Helix Conceptual Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Model-Based Systems Engineering
1.2. Digital Twins Fundamentals
1.3. Digital Transformation Challenges
1.4. Systems Engineering Challenges
1.5. The Role of Digital Twins in Verification and Validation
1.6. Frameworks and Framework-Based Engineering
1.7. Digital Twins Application Challenges
1.8. Digital Twin Framework Challenges
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Requirements Modeling and Specification
3.2. Quintuple Helix Foundation of DT Verification and Validation Conceptual Framework
- Mi—designates the system’s mission (single aim or the collection or related aims that justify the existence of the specified system and answer the question of what the purpose of the specified system is);
- Os—designates the internal organization structure, aka topology or internal architecture of the specified system (system’s structure);
- Fs—designates the system’s functional structure, a set of services it provides (system’s behavior);
- Is—designates the information structure supporting the Fs over the Os to fulfill the Mi;
- Cs—designates the system’s control structure (internal or external forces that manage the systems integrity);
- Ec—designates the external systems connectivity (external topology or system-of-systems configuration).
- Abstraction Interface—that bridges the modeling abstraction layers (instance, model, meta-model, and meta-metamodel);
- Data Structure Interface—that bridges the data structure resource, a complex abstract concept encapsulating dynamic resource collection representing data, information, knowledge, or wisdom abstractions;
- Repository Interface—that bridges the repository resource, a complex abstract concept encapsulating persistent resource collection representing data, information, knowledge, or wisdom abstractions;
- Association Interface—that encapsulates the connectivity mechanisms (connect and disconnect services);
- Repository Interface—that bridges the repository resource, a complex abstract concept encapsulating persistent resource collection representing data, information, knowledge, or wisdom abstractions;
- Association Interface—that encapsulates the connectivity mechanisms (connect and disconnect services);
- Accept Visitor Interface—that enables the hosting of external, visiting sets of services attached to the Framework Nucleotide Instance;
- Internal Service Interface—that enables the formation of an extendible set of internally implemented services, accessible through referencing the universal abstract method implemented by an arbitrary implementer deliver(s: Service, o: SelectedObject, f: Filter). Semantically, run a service (s: Service) on a selected object (o: SelectedObject) and restrict the delivery with security and privacy policy-based dynamic filtering (f: Filter);
- External Service Interface—that enables access to externally offered services by referencing the universal abstract method implemented by an arbitrary external implementer to perform(s: Service, o: SelectedObject, f: Filter). Semantically, execute external service (s: Service) on the selected object (o: SelectedObject) and restrict the execution by the security and privacy policy-based dynamic filtering (f: Filter).
3.3. Quintuple Helix Conceptual Framework for DT Verification and Validation Spots
3.4. Quintuple Helix Conceptual Framework Mediation
4. Discussion
The Exemplary Application of Proposed Generic Framework
5. Conclusions
- The Digital Twin Consortium’s digital twin ecosystem capabilities periodic table, containing a systematic collection of referent capabilities and the associated semantics;
- The generative potentials of the DNA helix model with the built-in combinatorial complexity replicating within two back-bones, coupled with four-dimensional nucleotides;
- The unified conceptualization approach to reasoning about framework entities and stages that relays an applied MOF model to abstracting framework resources;
- The standards and standardization support extendibility;
- Bridging of the abstract specification and the diverse repertoire of implementation platforms favoring the heterogeneity and harmonization of specification, development, modeling, implementation, and execution platforms involved.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | RQ | Context/Role | Description |
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Essential Conceptual Framework Requirements | RQ1 | To encapsulate process and product verification and validation activities. | It is necessary to use digital twinning within product and process assets, and integrate them into a single framework. The support for automatic insertion of verification and validation spots in the service architecture is a must. |
RQ2 | Creative thinking metaphor formulation. | It is necessary to support the open, flexible, and dynamic architecting of systems engineering (problem and operation domains), software engineering (solution and implementation domains), and device operations logistics (execution domain) over the quintuple helix architecting model as a metaphor aimed to leverage different stakeholders’ mindsets. | |
RQ3 | To abstract the modeling and models’ dimensions of the established mindset metaphor. | It is necessary to apply meta object facility (MOF)-based abstraction layers, comprising the instance, model, meta-model, and meta-meta-model (aka language) within the particular metaphors’ dimensions. The automatic refinement between neighboring layers is a must. | |
RQ4 | To abstract the information resources’ dimensions of the established mindset metaphor. | It is necessary to support the heterogeneous distributed architecture of the information resource concepts and the data analysis workflow through the A accept visitor interface and the repository interface. They must hide the physical repository characteristics, technology, and topology by get-put and load-store generic methods polymorphism at arbitrary information resource abstractions (data, information, knowledge, and wisdom). | |
RQ5 | Architecting domain-specific (actual) twins. | It is necessary to support the MVRC (model, view, repository, control) architecture of domain-specific digital twins and their appropriate mediation. The generic mechanisms that support micro-service orchestration and service-oriented architecture are mandatory. | |
RQ6 | Networking transparency. | It is necessary to support the absolute isolation of the communicating concepts with explicit guarantees that the participating concept instances possess zero knowledge of each other. The mediator pattern-based approach represents a possible isolating mechanism. | |
RQ7 | Platform-independent and platform-dependent mechanism handling. | It is necessary to support dividing the abstraction and the implementation sides of the system under consideration with a bridge pattern and independently support the concurrent and asynchronous modification of both sides without affecting each other. | |
RQ8 | To abstract cyber–physical and socio-technological systems. | It is necessary to supply the generic mechanisms by raising the abstraction level to extract and support the shared characteristics of cyber–physical and socio-technological systems. | |
Highly Desirable | RQ9 | To support incremental development and continuous delivery. | The automatic, model-based generation of an initial evaluative prototype of the engineered system that evolves to deployable instances is a highly desirable feature of the specified framework implementation. |
RQ10 | To enable model-based simulations | Model-based simulations using the executable digital twins are highly desirable. This request supplements the RQ9 requirement. The extendible simulation capabilities ease the verification and validation of the possible refinements before the new version deployment. | |
RQ11 | To enable configuration management and version control. | The embedded support for configuration management and version control of deployed instances are highly desirable features. This request supplements the RQ9 and RQ10 requirements. In the context of the conceptual framework, configuration management means handling temporal, rut-time adjustments of structural and behavioral characteristics of the deployed system. Version management assumes the handling of a broader frame of systems structure and behavior in a longer time frame. | |
RQ12 | To support visualization of analytical processing. | The extendible support for different visualization strategies based on the result-set of information resource instances traversed and marked by the temporal and modal classifiers is highly desirable. This request closely relates to the RQ5. | |
Desirable | RQ13 | To rely on standardized ontology. | Regarding any matured domain, the essential research direction assumes the existence of universal ontology specification. Although highly controversial, it is a generally desirable feature. |
RQ14 | To support the decision-making process. | The extendible support for different decision-making core strategies is a generally desirable feature. | |
RQ15 | To support reactive synchronization of the actual and virtual twin models. | Coping with the possible uncertainties that may arise when the actual twin model instance and the corresponding virtual twin model instance differ, makes reactive synchronization a generally desirable feature. | |
RQ16 | To assure security and privacy. | Security policy modeling and secured bridging of different abstraction layers concerning models and information resources are desirable features. If the addressed model or information resource properties relate to individual (personal) aspects, the automatic triggering of a privacy protection mechanism is a generally desirable feature. |
Feature | Description |
---|---|
F01 | Verification and Validation Framework |
F02 | Digital Twin Development Framework |
F03 | Integrated Framework |
F04 | System of Digital Twins |
F05 | Covers Specific Digital Twin Capability |
F06 | Ontology Framework |
F07 | Trustworthy (Security and Privacy) |
F08 | Name Space and Definitions |
F09 | Reference Architecture |
F10 | Prototyping Support |
F11 | Ilustrated with Case Studies |
F12 | Model verification and validation |
F13 | Bidirectional model synchronization |
F14 | Simulations |
F15 | Verification and Validation of Scenarios |
F16 | Automatic verification and Validation Support |
F17 | Digital Twins Configuration |
F18 | Data Integration |
F19 | Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) |
F20 | Entire Life Cycle Support |
F21 | Decision-Making Support |
F22 | Analytics |
F23 | Visualization |
F24 | Extendibility |
F25 | Generality (covering cyber–physical and socio-technical systems) |
Referenced Frameworks | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[67] | [93] | [94] | [95] | [96] | [68] | [97] | [98] | [45] | [99] | [100] | [101] | [102] | [103] | ||
Feature | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | CF |
F01 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ● |
F02 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ● |
F03 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○s | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ● |
F04 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F05 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ● | ○ |
F06 | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ |
F07 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
F08 | ● | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ |
F09 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ● |
F10 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F11 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ |
F12 | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ● | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ |
F13 | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F14 | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ● |
F15 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F16 | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F17 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F18 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F19 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F20 | ● | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F21 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F22 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ● |
F23 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ● |
F24 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
F25 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● |
25 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 19 |
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Perisic, A.; Perisic, B. Digital Twins Verification and Validation Approach through the Quintuple Helix Conceptual Framework. Electronics 2024, 13, 3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163303
Perisic A, Perisic B. Digital Twins Verification and Validation Approach through the Quintuple Helix Conceptual Framework. Electronics. 2024; 13(16):3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163303
Chicago/Turabian StylePerisic, Ana, and Branko Perisic. 2024. "Digital Twins Verification and Validation Approach through the Quintuple Helix Conceptual Framework" Electronics 13, no. 16: 3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163303