Transient Synchronous Stability Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming New Energy Power Sources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Modeling of New Energy Power Sources
2.1. Grid-Following New Energy Power Sources
2.2. Grid-Forming New Energy Power Sources
3. Model Comparison of Synchronous Generator and New Energy Power Source
4. The Impact of Synchronization Loop Control Parameters on Stability
4.1. Key Factors Affecting the Stability of Grid-Following New Energy Power Supplies
4.1.1. The Effect of Integral Gain (KI) in PLL
4.1.2. The Effect of Proportional Gain (KP) in PLL
4.2. Key Factors Affecting the Stability of Grid-Forming New Energy Power Supplies
5. Stability Factors of Renewable Energy Sources under the Limitation Effect
5.1. The Stability of Renewable Energy Sources Connected to the Grid under the Limitation Effect
5.2. Stability of Grid-Forming Renewable Energy Power Sources under the Action of Limitation Elements
- (1)
- Different limitation conditions
- (2)
- Grid-side virtual reactance of the inverter
- (3)
- The time constant, Tf, of the low-pass filter
5.3. Comparison and Summary of Characteristics of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming New Energy Sources
6. Conclusions and Prospects
6.1. Conclusions
6.2. Prospects
- (1)
- The research primarily focused on the impact of internal synchronization loops of new energy sources on their stability. However, new energy sources involve numerous control loops, and the coupling effects among these control loops are likely to influence synchronization stability.
- (2)
- The study only reflected trends of certain influencing factors on system synchronization stability and did not quantitatively measure the magnitude of these effects.
- (3)
- The investigation was confined to the transient synchronization stability of individual new energy sources integrated into the grid. However, with the increasing proportions of new energy sources, power electronic devices, and advancements in new power system configurations, the transient instability phenomena faced by future systems will become more complex.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
System Parameters | Values | System Parameters | Values |
---|---|---|---|
Base frequency/Hz | 50 | Line inductance/pu | 0.3 |
Base power/VA | 1 | Output active power/pu | 1 |
Base voltage/V | 1 | Current loop proportional gain | 0.25 |
Filter resistance/pu | 0.001 | Current loop integral gain | 98.17 |
Filter reactance/pu | 0.05 | PLL proportional gain | 62.83 |
Line resistance/pu | 0.06 | PLL integral gain | 986.96 |
System Parameters | Values | System Parameters | Values |
---|---|---|---|
Base frequency/Hz | 50 | Power calculation Filter bandwidth/Hz | 5 |
Base power/VA | 1 | Droop gain | 0.05 |
Base voltage/V | 1 | Voltage loop integration gain | 282.743 |
Source-side filter resistance/pu | 0.01 | Voltage loop proportional gain | 0.012 |
Source-side filter reactance/pu | 0.05 | Current loop proportional gain | 565.487 |
Filter capacitance/pu | 0.02 | Current loop integral gain | 0.6 |
Grid-side filter reactance/pu | 0.01 | Output active power/pu | 565.487 |
Grid-side filter resistance/pu | 0.002 | Line inductance/pu | 0.1 |
Line resistance/pu | 0.02 |
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PLL Grid-Following Converter | Frequency Droop Grid-Forming Converter | ||
---|---|---|---|
Synchronization method | Vq-PLL by phase-locked loop | P- droop control | |
External characteristics | Current source (grid voltage-following, current-forming) | Voltage source (grid current-following, voltage-forming) | |
Influencing Factors | Synchronization loop control Parameters | Increasing KIPLL tends to make the system unstable. Increasing KpPLL increases system damping and reduces inertia, impacting system stability in a nonlinear relationship. | Increasing m leads the system toward instability. Increasing Tf leads the system toward stability. |
Grid strength | Stable when the grid is strong. | Stable when the grid is weak. | |
Current and frequency limitations | Current limitation has little impact on stability. Frequency limition makes the system more stable. | Current limition reduces the stability region of the system. Frequency limition makes the system more stable. |
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Tian, X.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, Y.; Zheng, L.; Zhang, L.; Yuan, Z. Transient Synchronous Stability Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming New Energy Power Sources. Electronics 2024, 13, 3308. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163308
Tian X, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Zheng L, Zhang L, Yuan Z. Transient Synchronous Stability Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming New Energy Power Sources. Electronics. 2024; 13(16):3308. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163308
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Xin, Yuyue Zhang, Yanhui Xu, Le Zheng, Lina Zhang, and Zhenhua Yuan. 2024. "Transient Synchronous Stability Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming New Energy Power Sources" Electronics 13, no. 16: 3308. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163308