Design of a Single Branch of Energy Storage Submodules Connected to HVDC Systems to Support AC Grids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A comprehensive approach is proposed to size an energy storage device and the corresponding converter connected to HVDC terminals for a specific service.
- This approach is used for three examples of AC services to obtain the characteristics of the main components of the converter, including the energy storage elements.
- The feasibility of the obtained energy storage converters is discussed for the three considered examples.
2. Proposed Converter to Integrate Energy Storage in an HVDC System and Methodology to Assess Its Technical Feasibility
2.1. Topology
2.2. Modelling
2.2.1. Model A
2.2.2. Model B
2.3. Control
2.4. General Methodology
2.5. Design of the Solution
2.5.1. Single-Branch Energy Storage Submodules
- Number of energy storage submodules
- Branch inductor
- Energy storage submodule capacitance
- Switch choice
2.5.2. Energy Storage Interface Converter
2.6. Design of the Energy Storage of an Energy Storage Submodule
- The influence of the thermal behaviour of the solution and switching harmonics on lifetime and system performance are neglected.
- Ageing is not considered, meaning that the design of the storage is made for the beginning of life (BoL).
- Load profile can be achieved upwards or downwards. This means that more energy is stored within the energy storage system to ensure both power directions.
- The maximum continuous current for a given temperature rise provided by the manufacturer datasheet is considered as the current limit (285 A for a rise of 40 °C for non-repetitive services with a short duration, 172 A for a rise of 15 °C for services that should be provided for a long duration [26]).
- Sizing at constant power is achieved. This means that the sizing cycles of the load profiles are simplified as an equivalent constant power load.
2.7. Key Indicators
3. Case Studies
3.1. Inter-Area Power Oscillation Damping
3.2. Fast Frequency Response between Two Asynchronous Networks
3.3. Offshore Wind Power Smoothing
3.4. System Requirements for Each Use Case
4. Results
4.1. System Design Results
4.2. Simulation Results
4.2.1. Inter-Area Power Oscillation Damping
4.2.2. Fast Frequency Response
4.2.3. OWF Power Smoothing
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
The dc component of a variable | |
Equivalent ES-SM capacitance | |
Capacitance of a supercapacitor module | |
ES-SM capacitance | |
Capacitance of the supercapacitor bank of an ES-SM | |
Equivalent capacitance of the equivalent supercapacitor bank | |
Ratio between the voltage and the nominal voltage of a supercapacitor bank | |
Average duty cycle of the equivalent dc-dc converter | |
Equivalent series resistance of a supercapacitor bank | |
Equivalent series resistance of a supercapacitor module | |
Equivalent ES-SM capacitor current | |
Dc current flowing through a single branch | |
Energy storage current of an ES-SM that flows toward an ES-SM capacitor | |
Index for an ES-SM in the chain link | |
Branch inductor | |
Equivalent ES-SM filtering inductor | |
Averaged modulation index | |
Number of ES-SMs in a single branch | |
Number of modules in series in a supercapacitor bank of an ES-SM | |
Number of branches in parallel in a supercapacitor bank of an ES-SM | |
Total number of modules in a supercapacitor bank of an ES-SM | |
Dc power provided by the storage device | |
Power provided by the storage device | |
Branch resistance | |
Equivalent ESR of the equivalent supercapacitor | |
Equivalent ES-SM resistance | |
Equivalent inserted voltage of the stack of ES-SMs | |
Equivalent ES-SM capacitor voltage | |
DC link voltage | |
Nominal voltage of a supercapacitor module | |
Voltage of a supercapacitor bank | |
ES-SM capacitor voltage | |
Energy stored within a supercapacitor bank |
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Grid Services | Peak Power [MW] | Average Power [MW] | Maximum Energy Variations [MJ] |
---|---|---|---|
POD | 64.6 | 40.3 | 74.6 |
FFR | 106 | 100 | 1059 |
Smoothing | 29.4 | 18.7 | 93.6 |
Quantities | Case 1—POD | Case 2—FFR | Case 3—OWF |
---|---|---|---|
System requirements | |||
Peak power (MW) | 74.6 | 106 | 29 |
Total energy to store (MJ) | 149.2 | 2116 | 187 |
Number of energy storage submodules | 190 | ||
HB energy storage submodule | |||
Switch maximal voltage (kV) | 6.5 | ||
Switch operating voltage (kV) | 3.8 | ||
Continuous dc current of the IGBT (A) | 250 | ||
Peak current through the switches (A) | 101 | 166 | 46 |
(mF) | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.24 |
Energy storage submodule interface converter | |||
Switch voltage capability (kV) | 6.5 | ||
Switch operating voltage (kV) | 3.8 | ||
Continuous dc current of the IGBT (A) | 600 | 750 | 250 |
Peak current through the switches (A) | 398 | 660 | 200 |
(kHz) | 1 | ||
(mH) | 17 | 11 | 31 |
Energy storage elements for one ESM | |||
10 | 17 | 9 | |
1 | 2 | 1 | |
Nominal supercapacitor bank voltage (V) | 1020 | 1734 | 918 |
Maximum dc current considered (A) | 285 | 285 | 172 |
Volume (L) | 296 | 1006 | 266 |
Weight (kg) | 265 | 901 | 239 |
Performance indicators | |||
Utilization factor, UF | 0.17 | 0.72 | 0.24 |
Total number of modules | 1 900 | 6 460 | 1 710 |
Total volume of energy storage element (L) | 56 240 | 191 216 | 50 616 |
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Errigo, F.; Sau-Bassols, J.; Bekkouri, H.; Morel, F.; Gonzalez-Torres, J.-C.; Benchaib, A.; Rault, P.; Bourgeat, X. Design of a Single Branch of Energy Storage Submodules Connected to HVDC Systems to Support AC Grids. Electronics 2024, 13, 3355. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13173355
Errigo F, Sau-Bassols J, Bekkouri H, Morel F, Gonzalez-Torres J-C, Benchaib A, Rault P, Bourgeat X. Design of a Single Branch of Energy Storage Submodules Connected to HVDC Systems to Support AC Grids. Electronics. 2024; 13(17):3355. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13173355
Chicago/Turabian StyleErrigo, Florian, Joan Sau-Bassols, Hind Bekkouri, Florent Morel, Juan-Carlos Gonzalez-Torres, Abdelkrim Benchaib, Pierre Rault, and Xavier Bourgeat. 2024. "Design of a Single Branch of Energy Storage Submodules Connected to HVDC Systems to Support AC Grids" Electronics 13, no. 17: 3355. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13173355