Development of a Utility Model for the Measurement of Global Radiation in Photovoltaic Applications in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Obtaining Global Radiation in Photovoltaic Applications, Previous Experiences
2.1. Pyranometers
2.2. Satellites
2.3. Calibrated Cells or Modules
2.4. Other Devices
3. Materials and Methods Used for the Patented Utility Model for the Measurement of Solar Radiation
3.1. The Sensor and Its Conditioning
3.2. Data Acquisition and Communications System
3.3. Software Solution for the Utility Model
4. Experimental Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Renewables 2018 Global Status Report. A Comprehensive Annual Overview of the State of Renewable Energy; REN21 Secretariat: Paris, France, 2018; ISBN 978-3-9818911-3-3.
- IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). REthinking Energy 2017: Accelerating the Global Energy Transformation; Irena: Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2017; ISBN 9789295111059. [Google Scholar]
- Luque, A.; Hegedus, S. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2011; ISBN 0470976128. [Google Scholar]
- International Energy Agency. Trends 2018 in Photovoltaic Applications 23. Report IEA PVPS T1-34:2018; International Energy Agency: Paris, France, 2018; pp. 73–91. [Google Scholar]
- Beránek, V.; Olšan, T.; Libra, M.; Poulek, V.; Sedláček, J.; Dang, M.Q.; Tyukhov, I.I. New monitoring system for photovoltaic power plants’ management. Energies 2018, 11, 2495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shafiullah, G.M.; Oo, A.M.T.; Ali, A.B.M.S.; Wolfs, P. Smart grid for a sustainable future. Smart Grid Renew. Energy 2013, 4, 23–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bayindir, R.; Colak, I.; Fulli, G.; Demirtas, K. Smart grid technologies and applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 66, 499–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission. Energy 2020. A Strategy for Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Energy; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Aguilera, J.; Almonacid, G.; Hontoria, L.; Muñoz, E.; Pérez, P.J.; Terrados, J.; Vidal, P.G. The CPV challenge (Part I): Achieving grid parity. In CPV Today; First Conferences Ltd.: London, UK, 2009; pp. 970–978. [Google Scholar]
- Talavera, D.L.; Muñoz-Rodriguez, F.J.; Jimenez-Castillo, G.; Rus-Casas, C. A new approach to sizing the photovoltaic generator in self-consumption systems based on cost–competitiveness, maximizing direct self-consumption. Renew. Energy 2019, 130, 1021–1035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garg, H.P.; Datta, G. Fundamentals and characteristics of solar radiation. Renew. Energy 1993, 3, 305–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, M. An Introduction to Solar Radiation; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2012; ISBN 0323151817. [Google Scholar]
- Lave, M.; Kleissl, J. Optimum fixed orientations and benefits of tracking for capturing solar radiation in the continental United States. Renew. Energy 2011, 36, 1145–1152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiménez-Torres, M.; Hontoria, L.; Fernández-Carrasco, J.; Rus-Casas, C. OrientSol 3.0. Nuevo laboratorio virtual sobre el recurso solar. Era Sol. 2015, 187, 38–45. [Google Scholar]
- Jiménez-Torres, M.; Rus-Casas, C.; Lemus-Zúiga, L.G.; Hontoria, L. The Importance of Accurate Solar Data for Designing Solar Photovoltaic Systems—Case Studies in Spain. Sustainability 2017, 9, 247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiménez-Castillo, G.; Muñoz-Rodríguez, F.J.; Rus-Casas, C.; Hernández, J.C.; Tina, G.M. Monitoring PWM signals in stand-alone photovoltaic systems. Measurement 2019, 134, 412–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torres, M.; Muñoz, F.J.; Muñoz, J.V.; Rus, C. Online monitoring system for stand-alone photovoltaic applications—Analysis of system performance from monitored data. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2012, 134, 34502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vidal, P.G.; Jiménez-Torres, M.; Hontoria, L.; Almonacid, G.; Rodríguez, F.M.; Fernández-Carrasco, J.I.; Rus-Casas, C. Advances in the monitoring of photovoltaic systems. Use of the Internet of Things (IoT) of a photovoltaic installation. In Proceedings of the EMR2017: The Energy & Materials Research Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 5–7 April 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Casas, C.R.; Rodriguez, F.M.; Hontoria, L.; Higueras, P.P.; Talavera, D.L.; Almonacid, F.; Aguilera, J.; Aguilar, J.D.; Almonacid, G.; Rodrigo, P. Instalaciones Fovotoltaicas; Multimedia, J.E., Ed.; Joxman Editores: Jaen, Spain, 2010; ISBN 9788492623464. [Google Scholar]
- Scharmer, K.; Page, J.K.; Wald, L.; Albuisson, M.; Czeplak, G.; Bourges, B.; Aguiar, R.; Lund, H.; Joukoff, A.; Terzenbach, U. The European Solar Radiation Atlas Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Maps; Presses de l’Ecole des Mines: Paris, France, 2000; ISBN 2911762215. [Google Scholar]
- Qu, Z.; Gschwind, B.; Lefèvre, M.; Wald, L. Improving HelioClim-3 estimates of surface solar irradiance using the McClear clear-sky model and recent advances in atmosphere composition. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2014, 7, 3927–3933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferrández-Pastor, F.J.; García-Chamizo, J.M.; Nieto-Hidalgo, M.; Mora-Martínez, J. Precision Agriculture Design Method Using a Distributed Computing Architecture on Internet of Things Context. Sensors 2018, 18, 1731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez-Rubio, A.; Sanz-Adan, F.; Santamaría-Peña, J.; Martínez, A. Evaluating solar irradiance over facades in high building cities, based on LiDAR technology. Appl. Energy 2016, 183, 133–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Higueras, P.; Muñoz-Rodríguez, F.J.; Adame-Sánchez, C.; Hontoria-García, L.; Rus-Casas, C.; González-Rodríguez, A.; Aguilar-Peña, J.D.; Gallego-Álvarez, F.J.; González-Luchena, I.; Fernández, E.F. High-concentrator photovoltaic power plants: Energy balance and case studies. In High Concentrator Photovoltaics; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; pp. 443–477. [Google Scholar]
- Rodrigo, P.; Pérez-Higueras, P.J.; Almonacid, F.; Hontoria, L.; Fernández, E.F.; Rus, C.; Fernández, J.I.; Gómez, P.; Almonacid, G. Calculation of direct normal irradiation from global horizontal irradiation. AIP Conf. Proc. 2012, 1477, 391–393. [Google Scholar]
- Rus-Casas, C.; Hontoria, L.; Jiménez-Torres, M.; Muñoz-Rodríguez, F.J.; Almonacid, F. Virtual laboratory for the training and learning of the subject solar resource: OrientSol 2.0. In Proceedings of the 2014 XI Tecnologias Aplicadas a la Ensenanza de la Electronica (Technologies Applied to Electronics Teaching) (TAEE), Bilbao, Spain, 11–13 June 2014; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Garg, H.P.; Garg, S.N. Measurement of solar radiation—II. Calibration and standardization. Renew. Energy 1993, 3, 335–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thekaekara, M.P. Solar radiation measurement: Techniques and instrumentation. Sol. Energy 1976, 18, 309–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López-Lapeña, O.; Pallas-Areny, R. Solar energy radiation measurement with a low–power solar energy harvester. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2018, 151, 150–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rus-Casas, C.; Aguilar, J.D.; Rodrigo, P.; Almonacid, F.; Pérez-Higueras, P.J. Classification of methods for annual energy harvesting calculations of photovoltaic generators. Energy Convers. Manag. 2014, 78, 527–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gueymard, C.A.; Wilcox, S.M. Assessment of spatial and temporal variability in the US solar resource from radiometric measurements and predictions from models using ground-based or satellite data. Sol. Energy 2011, 85, 1068–1084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perez, R.; Kmiecik, M.; Herig, C.; Renné, D. Remote monitoring of PV performance using geostationary satellites. Sol. Energy 2001, 71, 255–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarpley, J.D. Estimating incident solar radiation at the surface from geostationary satellite data. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1979, 18, 1172–1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gautier, C.; Diak, G.; Masse, S. A simple physical model to estimate incident solar radiation at the surface from GOES satellite data. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1980, 19, 1005–1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nofuentes, G.; Aguilera, J.; Santiago, R.L.; De La Casa, J.; Hontoria, L. A reference-module-based procedure for outdoor estimation of crystalline silicon PV module peak power. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 2006, 14, 77–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gómez-Moreno, Á.; Casanova-Peláez, P.J.; Palomar-Carnicero, J.M.; Cruz-Peragón, F. Modeling and Experimental Validation of a Low-Cost Radiation Sensor Based on the Photovoltaic Effect for Building Applications. Energies 2016, 9, 926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vigni, V.L.; La Manna, D.; Sanseverino, E.R.; di Dio, V.; Romano, P.; di Buono, P.; Pinto, M.; Miceli, R.; Giaconia, C. Proof of concept of an irradiance estimation system for reconfigurable photovoltaic arrays. Energies 2015, 8, 6641–6657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seyedmahmoudian, M.; Mekhilef, S.; Rahmani, R.; Yusof, R.; Renani, E.T. Analytical modeling of partially shaded photovoltaic systems. Energies 2013, 6, 128–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Almonacid, F.; Rus, C.; Pérez, P.J.; Hontoria, L. Estimation of the energy of a PV generator using artificial neural network. Renew. Energy 2009, 34, 2743–2750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vera, L.; Cuestas, C.; Firman, A.; Cáceres, M.; Busso, A. Desarrollo de un medidor portátil de irradiancia, par, temperatura y humedad. In Proceedings of the XXXIX Reunión de Trabajo de la Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES), La Plata, Argentina, 25–28 October 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Patil, A.; Haria, K.; Pashte, P. Photodiode Based Pyranometer. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2013, 1, 29–33. [Google Scholar]
- Parthasarathy, S.; Anandkumar, N.V. Development of Low Cost Data Acquisition System for Photo Voltaic System. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2016, 5, 12850–12856. [Google Scholar]
- Garg, H.P.; Garg, S.N. Measurement of solar radiation—I. Radiation instruments. Renew. Energy 1993, 3, 321–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministerio de Industrira Comercio y Tursmo Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas. Available online: http://www.oepm.es/es/index.html (accessed on 24 January 2019).
- Rus-Casas, C.; Hontoria, L.; Aguilar-Peña, J.; Muñoz-Rodríguez, F.J.; Fernández-Carrasco, J.I.; Jiménez-Torres, M. Sistema Para la Monitorización de la Radiación Solar. U.S. Patent 201,830,617, 11 September 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Almonacid, F.; Rus, C.; Pérez-Higueras, P.; Hontoria, L. Calculation of the energy provided by a PV generator. Comparative study: Conventional methods vs. artificial neural networks. Energy 2011, 36, 375–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erraissi, N.; Raoufi, M.; Aarich, N.; Akhsassi, M.; Bennouna, A. Implementation of a low-cost data acquisition system for “PROPRE.MA” project. Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed. 2018, 117, 21–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosiek, S.; Batlles, F.J. A microcontroller-based data-acquisition system for meteorological station monitoring. Energy Convers. Manag. 2008, 49, 3746–3754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ameur, S.; Laghrouche, M.; Adane, A. Monitoring a greenhouse using a microcontroller-based meteorological data-acquisition system. Renew. Energy 2001, 24, 19–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benghanem, M. Measurement of meteorological data based on wireless data acquisition system monitoring. Appl. Energy 2009, 86, 2651–2660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devaraju, J.T.; Suhas, K.R.; Mohana, H.K.; Patil, V.A. Wireless Portable Microcontroller based Weather Monitoring Station. Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed. 2015, 76, 189–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mahjoubi, A.; Mechlouch, R.F.; Ben Brahim, A. A low cost wireless data acquisition system for a remote photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system. Energies 2011, 4, 68–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Gennaro, S.F.; Matese, A.; Mancin, M.; Primicerio, J.; Palliotti, A. An open-source and low-cost monitoring system for precision enology. Sensors 2014, 14, 23388–23397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fanourakis, S.; Wang, K.; McCarthy, P.; Jiao, L. Low-cost data acquisition systems for photovoltaic system monitoring and usage statistics. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2017; Volume 93, p. 12048. [Google Scholar]
- Evans, B.W. Arduino Programming Book; Creative Commons: Mountain View, CA, USA, 2007; ISBN 978-1-4302-3240-7. [Google Scholar]
Function | Entry | Description |
---|---|---|
GND | 4 | Ground |
OUT | 6 | Frequency scale |
S0,S1 | 1,2 | Sensitivity |
S2,S3 | 7,8 | Frequency |
VDD | 5 | Input Voltage |
S1 | S0 | Sensitivity |
---|---|---|
L | L | Electrical Current less |
L | H | x1 |
H | L | x10 |
H | H | x100 |
S3 | S2 | Scale (Divided by) |
---|---|---|
L | L | 1 |
L | H | 2 |
H | L | 10 |
H | H | 100 |
Features | Arduino UNO |
---|---|
Microcontroller | ATmega328 |
Input voltage | 7 V–12 V |
No. I/O digital pins | 14 (6 Outputs pulse-width modulation (PWM)) |
No. analogical inputs | 6 |
Flash Memory | 32 KB |
Clock Frequency | 16 MHz |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
C., R.-C.; L., H.; J.I., F.-C.; G., J.-C.; F., M.-R. Development of a Utility Model for the Measurement of Global Radiation in Photovoltaic Applications in the Internet of Things (IoT). Electronics 2019, 8, 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030304
C. R-C, L. H, J.I. F-C, G. J-C, F. M-R. Development of a Utility Model for the Measurement of Global Radiation in Photovoltaic Applications in the Internet of Things (IoT). Electronics. 2019; 8(3):304. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030304
Chicago/Turabian StyleC., Rus-Casas, Hontoria L., Fernández-Carrasco J.I., Jiménez-Castillo G., and Muñoz-Rodríguez F. 2019. "Development of a Utility Model for the Measurement of Global Radiation in Photovoltaic Applications in the Internet of Things (IoT)" Electronics 8, no. 3: 304. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030304