Diseases

13 pages, 251 KB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Bacteria Modulation with Probiotic Consumption in Neurodegeneration During Aging: A Narrative Review of the Literature

by Nayeli Valdez Gayosso, Arianna Omaña Covarrubias, Ana Teresa Nez Castro, Lydia López Pontigo, María del Refugio Acuña Gurrola and Bertha Maribel Pimentel Pérez

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100317 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Aging is the result of the accumulation of a great variety of molecular and cellular damage over time. During aging, the brain undergoes changes and diseases such as depression, dementia, anxiety, Alzheimer’s, delirium, behavioral disorders and aggression, and prolonged mourning, among others, appear. [...] Read more.

Aging is the result of the accumulation of a great variety of molecular and cellular damage over time. During aging, the brain undergoes changes and diseases such as depression, dementia, anxiety, Alzheimer’s, delirium, behavioral disorders and aggression, and prolonged mourning, among others, appear. The gut–brain axis suggests that the gut and the brain have a bidirectional communication, so it is important to maintain proper intestinal health to strengthen the neurological changes of this age group. The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic and highly complex ecosystem of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract. The bidirectional and dynamic communication between the homeostatic systems, such as the endocrine and immune systems, as well as the nervous system, allow us to face problems associated with several diseases. Probiotics are defined as non-pathogenic live microorganisms that provide beneficial effects to the organism and participate in the prevention and treatment of diseases, which is the reason why it is important to promote interventions that keep intestinal microbiota in eubiosis (microbiota balance). The concentration and balance of the intestinal microbiota depend on several conditions, such as diet, antibiotic consumption, and lifestyle, to mentioned a few. However, interventions with probiotics have shown improvements in both cognitive function and processes that promote neurodegeneration. It is such that the research has been directed on designing strategies that improve not only oral bioavailability but also intestinal adhesion and retention, to clarify the frequency and dosage that should be consumed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

11 pages, 885 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy and Safety of Different Treatments for Melasma: Network Meta-Analysis of Updated Data

by John Hang Leung, Henry W. C. Leung, Shyh-Yau Wang, Yeu-Chai Jang and Agnes L. F. Chan

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100316 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Melasma is a chronic, relapsing pigmented skin disease with challenging and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of different treatments for melasma. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE databases to [...] Read more.

Background: Melasma is a chronic, relapsing pigmented skin disease with challenging and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of different treatments for melasma. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE databases to identify randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) for melasma treatment modalities between January 2022 and January 2025. Relative efficacy refers to the comparison of the improvement in melasma severity before and after treatment for all modalities of interest at a specific time point. The Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI) (also known as modified MASI (mMASI) or half-MASI score) was defined as the efficacy index. Safety refers to the incidence of the most common adverse events. The quality of the included trials was assessed using the GRADE method. Results: The analysis included 14 clinical trials with 15 treatment modalities involving 738 women who met the inclusion criteria. The mean difference in efficacy index showed that intradermal PRP (platelet-rich plasma) and intradermal PRP + oTXA (oral tranexamic acid) were the best treatment options compared with HQ4%, intradermal TXA, intradermal PRGF (plasma rich in growth factor) + HQ4 (hydroquinone 4%), followed by intradermal TXALaser (intradermal TXA + Q-switched fractional 1064-nmNd:YAG lasers). The efficacy indices of other modalities were comparable. Most treatment-related adverse events were mild, were well tolerated, or resolved with treatment. The quality of evidence was generally high. Conclusions: This NMA showed that intradermal PRP in combination or alone is an effective and safe treatment option for melasma. PRP may be a direction for the development of new melasma treatment options in the future, but well-designed, comprehensive, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to verify it. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 390 KB

Open AccessReview

Hearing Loss and Chiari Malformation Type I: A Scoping Review

by Andrea Migliorelli, Marianna Manuelli, Chiara Bianchini, Francesco Stomeo, Stefano Pelucchi, Silvia Palma and Andrea Ciorba

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100315 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chiari malformation (CM) type I is an uncommon condition that can be associated with a variety of neurological and otoneurological symptoms, including sensorineural hearing loss. The aim of this paper is to analyze the association between type I CM and hearing loss. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chiari malformation (CM) type I is an uncommon condition that can be associated with a variety of neurological and otoneurological symptoms, including sensorineural hearing loss. The aim of this paper is to analyze the association between type I CM and hearing loss. Methods: A review of the literature was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases, according to PRISMA criteria for scoping review (from 2000 to April 2025). Results: A total of 8 articles and 139 patients with type I CM have been included; the majority of studies focused on women, with a mean age of 38.5 years (range: 10–44 years). In two cases, surgery was necessary for restoring normal hearing thresholds. Conclusions: To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms related to type I CM and hearing loss are not fully understood yet; further studies are necessary to clarify these features and to evaluate the correct management of these patients Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 460 KB

Open AccessArticle

Obesity, High Blood Pressure and Monocytosis in Truck Drivers of the Western Border of a State in Southern Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Carolina Pereira de Oliveira, Laura Smolski dos Santos, Gênifer Erminda Schreiner, Camila Berny Pereira, Silvia Muller de Moura Sarmento, Itamar Luís Gonçalves and Vanusa Manfredini

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100314 - 24 Sep 2025

Viewed by 74

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological, hematological, and oxidative stress profile of truck drivers. Method: It involved 63 drivers from the western border of a state in southern Brazil who completed a questionnaire, had vital signs and anthropometric evaluations, and provided [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological, hematological, and oxidative stress profile of truck drivers. Method: It involved 63 drivers from the western border of a state in southern Brazil who completed a questionnaire, had vital signs and anthropometric evaluations, and provided blood samples. Hematological parameters, leukocytes, and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids were analyzed. Results: A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found among the drivers, with an increased risk of cardiovascular issues and hypertension. Obese drivers had higher monocyte counts, while those with normal weight had increased protein carbonylation levels. Conclusions: It is crucial to implement health interventions to prevent chronic diseases in truck drivers, given their high exposure to risk factors. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1366 KB

Open AccessReview

Non-Communicable Disease Burden and Dietary Determinants in Women of Reproductive Age in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review

by Perpetua Modjadji, Ntevhe Thovhogi, Machoene Derrick Sekgala and Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100313 - 24 Sep 2025

Viewed by 120

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), projected to surpass infectious diseases as the leading cause of mortality. This shift reflects a complex public health challenge driven by changing dietary patterns and persistent social and gender inequities. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), projected to surpass infectious diseases as the leading cause of mortality. This shift reflects a complex public health challenge driven by changing dietary patterns and persistent social and gender inequities. Women of reproductive age are particularly vulnerable due to biological and sociocultural factors, with diet playing a central role in NCD development and maternal health. This scoping review explores dietary determinants of NCDs in this population and identifies evidence gaps to support context-specific, gender-responsive interventions. Methods: The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2010 and May 2025. After removing duplicates, 577 articles were screened, and 19 met the inclusion criteria. Data were synthesized using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. An adapted conceptual framework informed by the ecological model was developed to illustrate the multilevel pathways linking dietary determinants to NCD outcomes. Results: Frequent consumption of ultra-processed foods, salty snacks, processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages was consistently associated with increased NCD risk. Central obesity was prevalent among nearly half of the women studied, and a high intake of sugary drinks was common across diverse populations. Among pregnant women, overweight was observed in approximately one-quarter of participants, despite the inadequate intake of protein and iron. Vitamin A deficiency was moderately prevalent, and urban residence was linked to a twofold increase in the coexistence of obesity and micronutrient deficiencies. These patterns were shaped by poverty, food insecurity, and the cultural norms influencing dietary behaviors and access to nutritious foods. Conclusion: Dietary determinants significantly contribute to the rising NCD burden among women of reproductive age in SSA, yet adolescent women remain underrepresented in research. Addressing these gaps through culturally sensitive, multisectoral interventions and biomarker-informed longitudinal studies is essential for guiding inclusive policies and sustainable health strategies for this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Composition, Energy Expenditure and Lifestyle During Obesity Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1281 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Real-World Technical Hurdles of ctDNA NGS Analysis: Lessons from Clinical Implementation

by Simon Cabello-Aguilar, Julie A. Vendrell and Jérôme Solassol

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100312 - 23 Sep 2025

Viewed by 100

Abstract

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) represents a minimally invasive alternative to conventional tissue biopsies, providing real-time genomic snapshots of heterogeneous tumors from blood draws. This liquid biopsy approach has demonstrated significant utility for early detection, molecular profiling, and monitoring treatment [...] Read more.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) represents a minimally invasive alternative to conventional tissue biopsies, providing real-time genomic snapshots of heterogeneous tumors from blood draws. This liquid biopsy approach has demonstrated significant utility for early detection, molecular profiling, and monitoring treatment response in cancer patients. However, significant barriers to widespread clinical implementation still remain, such as a lack of standardized methods for ctDNA content quantification and limited variant detection sensitivity at ultra-low frequencies. Herein, we discuss three key improvements: (i) reducing the limit of detection (LoD) from 0.5% to 0.1%, which would increase alteration detection from 50% to approximately 80%; (ii) developing a dynamic LoD approach calibrated to sequencing depth, thereby enhancing result reliability and confidence in clinical interpretation; and (iii) utilizing strategic bioinformatics pipelines with “allowed” and “blocked” lists to enhance accuracy while minimizing false positives. While ctDNA analysis remains approximately 30% less sensitive than tissue-based testing, addressing these limitations through technological advancement and standardization protocols could accelerate integration into routine clinical practice, potentially transforming cancer management while reducing healthcare costs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 641 KB

Open AccessReview

Chronic Hepatitis B: Current Management and Future Directions

by Hamza Ertugrul, Esra Ekiz, Sibel Islak Mutcali, Veysel Tahan and Ebubekir Daglilar

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100311 - 23 Sep 2025

Viewed by 298

Abstract

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health burden, affecting millions and contributing significantly to liver-related morbidity and mortality. While substantial progress has been made in elucidating the virology and natural history of HBV, the management of chronic hepatitis B [...] Read more.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health burden, affecting millions and contributing significantly to liver-related morbidity and mortality. While substantial progress has been made in elucidating the virology and natural history of HBV, the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) continues to present clinical challenges. The development of potent nucleos(t)ide analogs and pegylated interferon has improved viral suppression and delayed disease progression, yet a definitive cure remains elusive due to the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Recent research has focused on novel antiviral agents, immunomodulatory therapies, and combination strategies aimed at achieving a functional cure. This review summarizes current therapeutic approaches, recent advancements, and emerging directions in CHB management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Hepatitis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Diseases, Volume 13, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 7 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI