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Volume 11
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Article

Identification of Possible Salivary Metabolic Biomarkers and Altered Metabolic Pathways in South American Patients Diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

by
Mariana de Sá Alves
1,
Nayara de Sá Rodrigues
1,
Celso Muller Bandeira
1,
José Francisco Sales Chagas
2,
Maria Beatriz Nogueira Pascoal
2,
Gabrielle Luana Jimenez Teodoro Nepomuceno
3,
Herculano da Silva Martinho
3,
Mônica Ghislaine Oliveira Alves
4,5,
Maria Anita Mendes
6,
Meriellen Dias
6,
Levy Anderson César Alves
6 and
Janete Dias Almeida
1,*
1
Department of Biosciences and Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil
2
Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas 13086-900, Brazil
3
Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
4
School of Dentistry, Universidade Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes 08780-911, Brazil
5
School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos 03164-000, Brazil
6
Dempster MS Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-040, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Metabolites 2021, 11(10), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100650
Submission received: 30 June 2021 / Revised: 10 August 2021 / Accepted: 10 August 2021 / Published: 23 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Metabolomics for Oral and Systemic Diseases)
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Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents 90% of oral malignant neoplasms. The search for specific biomarkers for OSCC is a very active field of research contributing to establishing early diagnostic methods and unraveling underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In this work we investigated the salivary metabolites and the metabolic pathways of OSCC aiming find possible biomarkers. Salivary metabolites samples from 27 OSCC patients and 41 control individuals were compared through a gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. Our results allowed identification of pathways of the malate-aspartate shuttle, the beta-alanine metabolism, and the Warburg effect. The possible salivary biomarkers were identified using the area under receiver-operating curve (AUC) criterion. Twenty-four metabolites were identified with AUC > 0.8. Using the threshold of AUC = 0.9 we find malic acid, maltose, protocatechuic acid, lactose, 2-ketoadipic, and catechol metabolites expressed. We notice that this is the first report of salivary metabolome in South American oral cancer patients, to the best of our knowledge. Our findings regarding these metabolic changes are important in discovering salivary biomarkers of OSCC patients. However, additional work needs to be performed considering larger populations to validate our results.
Keywords: metabolomics; biomarkers; metabolites; oral squamous cell carcinoma; oral cancer; saliva; mass spectrometry; GC-MS metabolomics; biomarkers; metabolites; oral squamous cell carcinoma; oral cancer; saliva; mass spectrometry; GC-MS

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MDPI and ACS Style

de Sá Alves, M.; de Sá Rodrigues, N.; Bandeira, C.M.; Chagas, J.F.S.; Pascoal, M.B.N.; Nepomuceno, G.L.J.T.; da Silva Martinho, H.; Alves, M.G.O.; Mendes, M.A.; Dias, M.; et al. Identification of Possible Salivary Metabolic Biomarkers and Altered Metabolic Pathways in South American Patients Diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Metabolites 2021, 11, 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100650

AMA Style

de Sá Alves M, de Sá Rodrigues N, Bandeira CM, Chagas JFS, Pascoal MBN, Nepomuceno GLJT, da Silva Martinho H, Alves MGO, Mendes MA, Dias M, et al. Identification of Possible Salivary Metabolic Biomarkers and Altered Metabolic Pathways in South American Patients Diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Metabolites. 2021; 11(10):650. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100650

Chicago/Turabian Style

de Sá Alves, Mariana, Nayara de Sá Rodrigues, Celso Muller Bandeira, José Francisco Sales Chagas, Maria Beatriz Nogueira Pascoal, Gabrielle Luana Jimenez Teodoro Nepomuceno, Herculano da Silva Martinho, Mônica Ghislaine Oliveira Alves, Maria Anita Mendes, Meriellen Dias, and et al. 2021. "Identification of Possible Salivary Metabolic Biomarkers and Altered Metabolic Pathways in South American Patients Diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma" Metabolites 11, no. 10: 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100650

APA Style

de Sá Alves, M., de Sá Rodrigues, N., Bandeira, C. M., Chagas, J. F. S., Pascoal, M. B. N., Nepomuceno, G. L. J. T., da Silva Martinho, H., Alves, M. G. O., Mendes, M. A., Dias, M., Alves, L. A. C., & Almeida, J. D. (2021). Identification of Possible Salivary Metabolic Biomarkers and Altered Metabolic Pathways in South American Patients Diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Metabolites, 11(10), 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100650

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