Enhancement of Seawater Stress Tolerance in Barley by the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus ochraceus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Screening of Salt-Tolerant Endophytic Fungi
2.2. Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Production
2.3. Antioxidant Production
2.4. Antifungal Activity
2.5. Aspergillus Ochraceus Application Promoted the Growth of Barley Plants under Salinity Stress Conditions
2.6. Aspergillus Ochraceus Application Enhanced Leaf Pigments of Barley Plants under Salinity Stress Conditions
2.7. Aspergillus Ochraceus Application Affected the Soluble Sugar, Protein, and Proline Contents of Barley Plants under Salinity Stress Conditions
2.7.1. Soluble Sugars
2.7.2. Soluble Proteins
2.7.3. Free Proline
2.8. Aspergillus Ochraceus Application Boosted the Activity of the Antioxidant Enzymes of Barley Plants under Salinity Stress Conditions
2.9. Aspergillus Ochraceus Application Suppressed the Malondialdehyde and Hydrogen Peroxide Contents of Barley Plants under Salinity Stress Conditions
2.10. Aspergillus Ochraceus Application Increased the Yield Attributes of Barley Plants under Salinity Stress Conditions
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fungal Endophytes and Growth Condition
4.2. Screening of Fungal Endophyte Strains according to Salt Tolerance
4.3. Indole Acetic Acid Production
4.4. Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extracts of A. ochraceus
4.5. Antifungal Activity
4.6. Pot Experiment
4.6.1. Biochemical Parameters
Estimation of Photosynthetic Pigments
Determination of Osmolyte Contents
Extraction and Determination of Antioxidant Enzymes
Estimation of Malondialdehyde Content
Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Content
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungal Endophyte Name | Accession Number | Fungal Growth at Different Concentrations of NaCl g L−1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 250 | ||
Aspergillus hiratsukae | MT089951 | ++ | + | − | − | − |
Alternaria tenuissima | MT089952 | +++ | ++ | + | − | − |
Chaetomium sp. | MT089953 | ++ | + | − | − | − |
Curvularia lunata | MT089955 | +++ | ++ | + | − | − |
Chaetomium sp. | MT089956 | ++ | + | − | − | − |
Chaetomium globosum | MT089957 | ++ | + | − | − | − |
Aspergillus ochraceus | MT089958 | +++ | +++ | ++ | + | − |
Treatment no. | Inhibition Zone (mm) (1000 µg/mL) | MIC (µg/mL) |
---|---|---|
0% seawater | 0 c | Not Detected |
15% seawater | 17.3 ± 0.57 b | 250 |
30% seawater | 23.6 ± 1.15 a | 62.5 |
Treatments | Soluble Sugars | Soluble Protein | Free Proline | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity | 0% S.W. | 93.09 ± 2.96 b | 44.89 ± 0.73 b | 0.38 ± 0.01 d | |
15% S.W. | 78.72 ± 0.90 d | 30.67 ± 0.29 e | 0.88 ± 0.03 b | ||
30% S.W. | 70.65 ± 2.37 e | 25.52 ± 0.57 f | 1.00 ± 0.02 a | ||
Salinity + A. ochraceus | 0% S.W. | 104.08 ± 2.01 a | 73.55 ± 0.38 a | 0.39 ± 0.002 d | |
15% S.W. | 86.81 ± 2.46 bc | 41.34 ± 0.32 c | 0.55 ± 0.001 c | ||
30% S.W. | 80.72 ± 3.76 cd | 39.00 ± 0.40 d | 0.59 ± 0.003 c |
Treatments | Spike Length (cm) | Spike Weight (g plant−1) | Number of Grains | Grains Weight (g plant−1) | 1000 Grains Weight (g plant−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity | 0% S.W. | 15.93 ± 0.17 a | 2.95 ± 0.25 ab | 28.33 ± 1.02 a | 2.18 ± 0.15 ab | 73.33 ± 1.20 ab |
15% S.W. | 12.7 ± 0.24 bc | 1.82 ± 0.23 d | 16.66 ± 1.20 b | 1.34 ± 0.17 c | 56.66 ± 1.20 c | |
30% S.W. | 9.96 ± 0.44 d | 1.33 ± 0.23 d | 9.33 ± 1.45 c | 1.09 ± 0.20 c | 34.33 ± 2.40 e | |
Salinity + A. ochraceus | 0% S.W. | 16.3 ± 0.62 a | 3.64 ± 0.15 a | 32.33 ± 1.47 a | 2.7 ± 0.04 a | 78.66 ± 1.85 a |
15% S.W. | 15.16 ± 0.57 ab | 2.74 ± 0.28 bc | 26.66 ± 1.21 a | 2.12 ± 0.21 b | 68.33 ± 2.84 b | |
30% S.W. | 12.5 ± 1.04 c | 1.98 ± 0.41 cd | 14.33 ± 1.51 bc | 1.46 ± 0.06 c | 45 ± 1.73 e |
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Badawy, A.A.; Alotaibi, M.O.; Abdelaziz, A.M.; Osman, M.S.; Khalil, A.M.A.; Saleh, A.M.; Mohammed, A.E.; Hashem, A.H. Enhancement of Seawater Stress Tolerance in Barley by the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus ochraceus. Metabolites 2021, 11, 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070428
Badawy AA, Alotaibi MO, Abdelaziz AM, Osman MS, Khalil AMA, Saleh AM, Mohammed AE, Hashem AH. Enhancement of Seawater Stress Tolerance in Barley by the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus ochraceus. Metabolites. 2021; 11(7):428. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070428
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadawy, Ali A., Modhi O. Alotaibi, Amer M. Abdelaziz, Mahmoud S. Osman, Ahmed M. A. Khalil, Ahmed M. Saleh, Afrah E. Mohammed, and Amr H. Hashem. 2021. "Enhancement of Seawater Stress Tolerance in Barley by the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus ochraceus" Metabolites 11, no. 7: 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070428