Dietary Lactoferrin Supplementation Improves Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Juvenile Orange-Spotted Groupers (Epinephelus coioides)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Diets
2.2. Feeding Trial
2.3. Sample Collection and Chemical Analysis
2.4. Intestinal Histology Observation
2.5. Intestinal Microbiota Analysis
2.6. RNA Extraction and Gene Expression
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance and Whole-Body Proximate Composition
3.2. Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity
3.3. Plasma Components
3.4. Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activity
3.5. Intestinal Permeability
3.6. Intestinal Histomorphology
3.7. Abundance and Difference in Intestinal Microbiota
3.8. Expression of Intestinal Inflammatory Factor Genes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Diets 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FM | SBM60 | LF2 | LF6 | LF10 | |
Ingredients | |||||
Fish meal 2 | 520 | 220 | 220 | 220 | 220 |
Casein | 119.8 | 112.7 | 112.7 | 112.7 | 112.7 |
Gelatin | 30 | 28.2 | 28.2 | 28.2 | 28.2 |
Soybean meal 3 | — | 470 | 470 | 470 | 470 |
Soybean oil | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 |
Fish oil | 8.2 | 35.2 | 35.2 | 35.2 | 35.2 |
Soybean lecithin | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Lactoferrin 4 | — | — | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Corn starch | 177.2 | 32.6 | 30.6 | 26.6 | 22.6 |
Sodium alginate | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Ca(H2PO4)2 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Choline chloride | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Stay-C (350 g/kg) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Vitamin premix 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Mineral premix 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Taurine | 5 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Microcrystalline cellulose | 46.5 | — | — | — | — |
Total | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 |
Nutrient level (analyzed values) | |||||
Dry matter | 950.6 | 957.8 | 955.6 | 952.7 | 954.7 |
Crude protein | 480.5 | 503.4 | 517.2 | 513.3 | 515 |
Crude lipid | 120.6 | 114.2 | 116.3 | 116.4 | 116.3 |
Ash | 91.7 | 84.2 | 84.8 | 84 | 82.9 |
Genes 1 | Primer Sequence (5′ to 3′) 2 | E-Value (%) | Accession Number |
---|---|---|---|
IL-8 | F: AAGTTTGCCTTGACCCCGAA | 94.0 | FJ913064.1 |
R: TGAAGCAGATCTCTCCCGGT | |||
IL-1β | F: GCAACTCCACCGACTGATGA | 116.0 | EF582837.1 |
R: ACCAGGCTGTTATTGACCCG | |||
IL-10 | F: GTCCACCAGCATGACTCCTC | 99.0 | KJ741852.1 |
R: AGGGAAACCCTCCACGAATC | |||
TGF-β1 | F: GCTTACGTGGGTGCAAACAG | 102.0 | GQ503351.1 |
R: ACCATCTCTAGGTCCAGCGT | |||
IL-12 | F: CCAGATTGCACAGCTCAGGA | 115.0 | KC662465.1 |
R: CCGGACACAGATGGCCTTAG | |||
TNF-α | F: GGATCTGGCGCTACTCAGAC | 91.0 | FJ009449.1 |
R: CGCCCAGATAAATGGCGTTG | |||
β-actin | F: TGCTGTCCCTGTATGCCTCT | 104.0 | AY510710.2 |
R: CCTTGATGTCACGCACGAT |
Items | Diets 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FM | SBM60 | LF2 | LF6 | LF10 | |
Growth performance | |||||
IBW (g/fish) 3 | 33.82 ± 0.10 | 33.76 ± 0.06 | 33.74 ± 0.05 | 33.80 ± 0.07 | 33.98 ± 0.01 |
FBW (g/fish) 3 | 113.24 ± 0.66 b | 95.47 ± 2.59 a | 107.49 ± 4.28 b | 109.85 ± 3.46 b | 106.65 ± 2.96 b |
WG (%) 3 | 234.81 ± 2.54 b | 182.81 ± 7.24 a | 218.56 ± 12.96 b | 224.98 ± 9.89 b | 208.68 ± 5.73 ab |
SGR (%/d) 3 | 2.16 ± 0.01 b | 1.86 ± 0.05 a | 2.07 ± 0.07 b | 2.10 ± 0.05 b | 2.04 ± 0.05 b |
FE 3 | 0.98 ± 0.00 | 0.95 ± 0.00 | 0.96 ± 0.12 | 0.99 ± 0.07 | 1.00 ± 0.12 |
Survival (%) 3 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 97.78 ± 1.11 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 100.00 ± 0.00 | 98.89 ± 1.11 |
HSI (%) 4 | 1.31 ± 0.09 | 1.24 ± 0.04 | 1.28 ± 0.07 | 1.24 ± 0.05 | 1.17 ± 0.02 |
CF (g/cm3) 4 | 3.16 ± 0.07 | 3.05 ± 0.11 | 3.19 ± 0.02 | 2.93 ± 0.12 | 2.94 ± 0.03 |
Proximate composition (%) | |||||
Moisture | 67.05 ± 0.21 | 67.27 ± 0.22 | 67.56 ± 0.37 | 67.42 ± 0.34 | 68.26 ± 0.39 |
Crude protein | 18.01 ± 0.49 | 17.95 ± 0.27 | 17.93 ± 0.90 | 19.20 ± 0.33 | 17.75 ± 0.42 |
Crude lipid | 8.25 ± 0.17 | 7.90 ± 0.29 | 8.18 ± 0.40 | 7.85 ± 0.32 | 7.49 ± 0.11 |
Ash | 5.00 ± 0.15 | 4.96 ± 0.07 | 4.90 ± 0.06 | 4.87 ± 0.22 | 4.93 ± 0.09 |
Items 3 | Diets 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FM | SBM60 | LF2 | LF6 | LF10 | |
SOD (U/mg protein) | 71.67 ± 5.50 | 68.92 ± 1.76 | 62.16 ± 5.85 | 64.26 ± 3.23 | 60.70 ± 2.15 |
GSH-Px (U/mg protein) | 79.58 ± 3.31 bc | 65.29 ± 2.97 a | 82.52 ± 1.76 bc | 72.99 ± 1.35 b | 86.76 ± 4.00 c |
T-AOC (U/mg protein) | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.01 |
MDA (nmol/mg protein) | 3.00 ± 0.28 a | 4.56 ± 0.88 b | 1.97 ± 0.21 a | 1.86 ± 0.12 a | 2.55 ± 0.05 a |
YMDA = 0.0783X2 − 0.9351X + 4.2006, R2 = 0.8297, X = LF supplementation levels (g/kg) |
Items 3 | Diets 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FM | SBM60 | LF2 | LF6 | LF10 | |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.06 ± 0.05 b | 1.00 ± 0.03 b | 0.81 ± 0.05 a | 1.03 ± 0.03 b | 0.83 ± 0.09 a |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.28 ± 0.01 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 b | 0.18 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a |
TC (mmol/L) | 3.77 ± 0.21 b | 3.49 ± 0.23 ab | 3.35 ± 0.19 ab | 3.09 ± 0.09 ab | 2.90 ± 0.09 a |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.61 ± 0.17 | 1.36 ± 0.08 | 1.25 ± 0.06 | 1.57 ± 0.10 | 1.55 ± 0.07 |
YLDL-C = −0.0079X + 0.188, R2 = 0.8573, X = LF supplementation levels (g/kg) YTC = −0.0592x + 3.4741, R2 = 0.9931, X = LF supplementation levels (g/kg) |
Items | Diets 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FM | SBM60 | LF2 | LF6 | LF10 | |
Lipase (U/mg protein) | 0.68 ± 0.00 a | 0.61 ± 0.00 a | 0.84 ± 0.05 b | 0.86 ± 0.02 b | 0.95 ± 0.05 bc |
Amylase (U/mg protein) | 0.76 ± 0.06 | 0.73 ± 0.11 | 0.90 ± 0.04 | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.06 |
Trypsin (U/g protein) | 256.07 ± 17.23 b | 175.55 ± 17.55 a | 238.95 ± 17.46 b | 235.03 ± 9.36 b | 283.57 ± 8.83 bc |
Protease (U/mg protein) | 20.54 ± 0.87 | 15.91 ± 2.04 | 17.37 ± 2.91 | 23.54 ± 2.56 | 26.54 ± 2.53 |
YLipase = 0.0283X + 0.6876, R2 = 0.7515, X = LF supplementation levels (g/kg) YTrypsin = 8.8954X + 193.25, R2 = 0.7917, X = LF supplementation levels (g/kg) YProtease = 1.1231X + 15.786, R2 = 0.9775, X = LF supplementation levels (g/kg) |
Items 3 | Diets 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FM | SBM60 | LF2 | LF6 | LF10 | |
DAO (U/L) | 19.75 ± 1.39 | 20.59 ± 1.05 | 16.09 ± 1.22 | 17.77 ± 2.40 | 17.72 ± 1.47 |
D-Lac (nmol/mL) | 2.03 ± 0.20 a | 4.05 ± 0.23 b | 1.41 ± 0.18 a | 1.59 ± 0.21 a | 1.41 ± 0.07 a |
ET-1 (ng/L) | 1.91 ± 0.07 | 2.12 ± 0.09 | 2.27 ± 0.10 | 1.92 ± 0.13 | 2.36 ± 0.20 |
ET (EU/L) | 1.51 ± 0.03 b | 1.70 ± 0.10 c | 1.23 ± 0.01 a | 1.25 ± 0.01 a | 1.25 ± 0.04 a |
Items 3 | Diets 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FM | SBM60 | LF2 | LF6 | LF10 | |
PI | |||||
lMF (μm) | 577.30 ± 87.68 | 489.10 ± 54.31 | 574.92 ± 35.62 | 513.26 ± 50.67 | 737.53 ± 95.20 |
tML (μm) | 63.24 ± 6.74 | 64.56 ± 8.11 | 79.05 ± 2.27 | 86.60 ± 9.31 | 86.00 ± 2.51 |
nMF (unit) | 42.50 ± 4.25 | 45.83 ± 3.09 | 51.67 ± 1.36 | 50.33 ± 8.62 | 48.00 ± 3.55 |
MI | |||||
lMF (μm) | 465.12 ± 50.20 ab | 381.90 ± 42.42 a | 580.47 ± 9.06 b | 356.66 ± 9.37 a | 540.48 ± 47.06 b |
tML (μm) | 53.53 ± 2.44 ab | 44.96 ± 4.06 a | 76.61 ± 7.02 b | 63.13 ± 4.61 ab | 69.62 ± 7.81 b |
nMF (unit) | 34.33 ± 2.20 | 31.67 ± 1.01 | 43.00 ± 4.36 | 34.83 ± 3.49 | 39.17 ± 0.33 |
DI | |||||
lMF (μm) | 417.87 ± 63.72 | 337.13 ± 44.48 | 437.82 ± 22.32 | 397.03 ± 4.38 | 466.67 ± 53.64 |
tML (μm) | 87.58 ± 7.61 b | 51.53 ± 1.48 a | 74.80 ± 3.34 b | 86.49 ± 1.35 b | 69.78 ± 7.20 b |
nMF (unit) | 32.00 ± 5.20 | 37.00 ± 4.00 | 40.83 ± 5.33 | 35.00 ± 1.04 | 34.00 ± 3.21 |
DI: YtML = −1.0492X2 + 12.167X + 52.619, R2 = 0.9884, X = LF supplementation levels (g/kg) |
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Song, T.; Qin, Y.; Ke, L.; Wang, X.; Wang, K.; Sun, Y.; Ye, J. Dietary Lactoferrin Supplementation Improves Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Juvenile Orange-Spotted Groupers (Epinephelus coioides). Metabolites 2022, 12, 915. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100915
Song T, Qin Y, Ke L, Wang X, Wang K, Sun Y, Ye J. Dietary Lactoferrin Supplementation Improves Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Juvenile Orange-Spotted Groupers (Epinephelus coioides). Metabolites. 2022; 12(10):915. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100915
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Tao, Yingmei Qin, Liner Ke, Xuexi Wang, Kun Wang, Yunzhang Sun, and Jidan Ye. 2022. "Dietary Lactoferrin Supplementation Improves Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Juvenile Orange-Spotted Groupers (Epinephelus coioides)" Metabolites 12, no. 10: 915. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12100915