Epigenetic Age Acceleration in Mothers and Offspring 4–10 Years after a Pregnancy Complicated by Gestational Diabetes and Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Clinical Measurements
2.3. DNA Methylation Measurements
2.4. Epigenetic Age and Age Acceleration
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Correlations between Epigenetic Age and Chronological Age
3.3. Age Acceleration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-GDM | GDM | P-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Mothers N = 71 | Offspring N = 55 | Mothers N = 66 | Offspring N = 61 | Mothers | Offspring |
Age (years) | 0.0002 | 0.0161 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 32.2 (5.4) | 7.5 (2.0) | 35.7 (5.0) | 6.5 (2.1) | ||
Maternal Race, n (%) | 0.0824 | -- | ||||
Black | 56 (78.9) | 42 (76.4) | 59 (89.4) | 54 (88.5) | ||
White | 14 (19.7) | 12 (21.8) | 6 (9.1) | 6 (9.8) | ||
Asian/AI | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.6) | ||
Maternal Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.3518 | -- | ||||
Not Hispanic | 69 (97.2) | 53 (96.4) | 63 (95.5) | 58 (95.1) | ||
Hispanic | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (4.6) | 3 (4.9) | ||
Missing | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Mom Current BMI (kg/m2) | <0.0001 | -- | ||||
Mean (SD) | 24.9 (4.1) | -- | 37.9 (9.7) | -- | ||
Body Fat Percent a | <0.0001 | 0.3057 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 31.8 (7.3) | 23.6 (8.9) | 42.1 (6.3) | 25.3 (9.6) | ||
Waist-to-hip ratio | <0.0001 | 0.0245 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | ||
HOMA-IR | <0.0001 | 0.9978 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 2.0 (1.6) | 1.8 (2.7) | 5.0 (4.5) | 1.8 (1.9) | ||
Leptin | <0.0001 | 0.2259 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 38.2 (35.6) | 12.9 (17.2) | 73.8 (34.3) | 16.8 (16.9) | ||
HDL-C (mg/dL) | <0.0001 | 0.8316 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 68.2 (13.0) | 63.8 (11.8) | 56.0 (11.9) | 64.2 (10.8) | ||
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.0008 | 0.7887 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 89.9 (8.4) | 88.2 (8.6) | 118.3 (65.3) | 88.6 (6.9) | ||
Fasting Insulin (μU/mL) | <0.0001 | 0.9314 | ||||
Mean (SD) | 8.7 (6.2) | 7.7 (10.8) | 17.1 (11.8) | 7.9 (8.0) | ||
Child Sex, n (%) | -- | 0.9459 | ||||
Female | -- | 31 (56.4) | -- | 34 (55.7) | ||
Male | -- | 24 (43.6) | -- | 27 (44.3) | ||
Tanner Stage, n (%) | -- | 0.8902 | ||||
Stage 1 | -- | 46 (83.6) | -- | 51 (83.6) | ||
Stage 2 | -- | 7 (12.7) | -- | 8 (13.1) | ||
Stage 3 | -- | 1 (1.8) | -- | 2 (3.3) | ||
Missing | -- | 1 (1.8) | -- | 0 (0) | ||
Child BMI z | -- | 0.1996 | ||||
Mean (SD) | -- | 0.4 (1.1) | -- | 0.7 (1.3) | ||
Child WHtZ | -- | 0.0376 | ||||
Mean (SD) | -- | 0.9 (1.1) | -- | 0.4 (1.3) |
Mothers (N = 137) | Offspring (N = 116) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horvath Age Acceleration Residual | Hannum Age Acceleration Residual | Horvath Age Acceleration Residual | Hannum Age Acceleration Residual | |||||
r | P | r | P | r | P | r | P | |
BMI * | 0.02713 | 0.7530 | 0.08014 | 0.3519 | 0.02134 | 0.8202 | −0.00857 | 0.9273 |
WHR | 0.07456 | 0.3865 | 0.04489 | 0.6025 | −0.15946 | 0.0873 | −0.03823 | 0.6837 |
Leptin | −0.02402 | 0.7805 | 0.05452 | 0.5269 | −0.08996 | 0.3369 | 0.01168 | 0.9009 |
HOMA-IR | 0.06392 | 0.4580 | 0.10197 | 0.2358 | 0.06193 | 0.5090 | 0.06326 | 0.4999 |
HDL-C | −0.07286 | 0.3975 | −0.23223 | 0.0063 | −0.04985 | 0.5951 | −0.10348 | 0.2690 |
Fasting Glucose | −0.03274 | 0.7041 | 0.07880 | 0.3600 | 0.14334 | 0.1248 | 0.07058 | 0.4515 |
Fasting Insulin | 0.07759 | 0.3675 | 0.11728 | 0.1723 | 0.04552 | 0.6275 | 0.05466 | 0.5601 |
Horvath Age Acceleration | Hannum Age Acceleration | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | β (SE) | P-Value | β (SE) | P-Value |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | −0.073(0.041) | 0.0751 | −0.088(0.038) | 0.0244 |
Leptin | −0.028(0.022) | 0.2038 | −0.021(0.020) | 0.3155 |
HOMA-IR | 0.090(0.164) | 0.5833 | 0.058(0.154) | 0.7056 |
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | −0.005(0.013) | 0.7206 | −0.008(0.012) | 0.4901 |
Fasting Insulin (μU/mL) | 0.053(0.057) | 0.3605 | 0.035(0.054) | 0.5145 |
Horvath | Hannum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | β (SE) | P-Value | β (SE) | P-Value |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.030(0.061) | 0.6226 | 0.017(0.051) | 0.7488 |
Leptin | −0.037(0.058) | 0.5226 | −0.0098(0.049) | 0.8420 |
HOMA-IR | 0.461(0.342) | 0.1807 | 0.533(0.286) | 0.0648 |
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.087(0.088) | 0.3259 | 0.062(0.074) | 0.4014 |
Fasting Insulin (μU/mL) | 0.128(0.084) | 0.1320 | 0.143(0.070) | 0.0488 |
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Kanney, N.; Patki, A.; Chandler-Laney, P.; Garvey, W.T.; Hidalgo, B.A. Epigenetic Age Acceleration in Mothers and Offspring 4–10 Years after a Pregnancy Complicated by Gestational Diabetes and Obesity. Metabolites 2022, 12, 1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121226
Kanney N, Patki A, Chandler-Laney P, Garvey WT, Hidalgo BA. Epigenetic Age Acceleration in Mothers and Offspring 4–10 Years after a Pregnancy Complicated by Gestational Diabetes and Obesity. Metabolites. 2022; 12(12):1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121226
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanney, Nita, Amit Patki, Paula Chandler-Laney, W. Timothy Garvey, and Bertha A. Hidalgo. 2022. "Epigenetic Age Acceleration in Mothers and Offspring 4–10 Years after a Pregnancy Complicated by Gestational Diabetes and Obesity" Metabolites 12, no. 12: 1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121226