20-Hydroxyecdysone and Receptor Interplay in the Regulation of Hemolymph Glucose Level in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Larvae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. In Vitro Rearing of Larvae
2.2. 20E Treatment and Hemolymph Collection
2.3. Detection of the 20E Titer
2.4. Metabolite Extraction
2.5. Conditions to the Analysis of UPLC-ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS
2.6. Data Processing and Analysis
2.7. RNA Interference (RNAi) in Larvae
2.8. Hemolymph Glucose and Fat Body Glycogen Determination
2.9. GP, G-6-Pase, and α-GAL Activity Determination
2.10. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) for mRNA
2.11. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Critical 20E Titer Blocked Larval Growth and Determined Body Size
3.2. Metabolic Patterns of Larvae Were Altered by Feeding with Exogenous 20E
3.3. Differential Metabolites between the CK and the 20E Groups
3.4. KEGG Annotation and Enrichment Analysis of Differential Metabolites
3.5. 20E Promoted CM Gene Expression to Produce Glucose for Metamorphosis
3.6. 20E, via EcR and USP, Regulated Gene Expression to Produce Glucose for Metamorphosis
4. Discussion
4.1. Metabolome Analysis of Hemolymph Changes of Worker Bee Larvae with 20E Treatment
4.2. The Hormone 20E, for EcR and USP, Regulates Gene Expression to Produce Glucose for Metamorphosis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | Content (%) |
---|---|
Royal jelly | 50.00 |
Glucose | 6.00 |
Fructose | 6.00 |
Yeast extract | 1.00 |
Sterile water | 37.00 |
Toal | 100 |
Class Name | CK-5d vs. 20E-5d | CK-6d vs. 20E-6d | CK-7d vs. 20E-7d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Down | Up | Down | Up | Down | Up | |
Amino acid and its metabolomics | 31 | 2 | 3 | 78 | 4 | 79 |
Benzene and substituted derivatives | 1 | 1 | 19 | 1 | 22 | |
Carbohydrates and its metabolites | 1 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 17 | |
Alcohol and amines | 1 | 5 | 4 | |||
Nucleotide and its metabolomics | 5 | 3 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 35 |
Hormones and hormone-related compounds | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||
Tryptamines, Cholines, Pigments | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Glycerol phospholipids | 5 | 7 | 7 | |||
Organic acid and its derivatives | 4 | 2 | 3 | 50 | 1 | 59 |
Heterocyclic compounds | 2 | 1 | 10 | 15 | ||
Coenzyme and vitamins | 1 | 2 | ||||
Fatty amides | 1 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 7 |
Total | 45 | 19 | 11 | 223 | 9 | 249 |
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Yu, J.; Wang, H.; Chen, W.; Song, H.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Xu, B. 20-Hydroxyecdysone and Receptor Interplay in the Regulation of Hemolymph Glucose Level in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Larvae. Metabolites 2023, 13, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010080
Yu J, Wang H, Chen W, Song H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Xu B. 20-Hydroxyecdysone and Receptor Interplay in the Regulation of Hemolymph Glucose Level in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Larvae. Metabolites. 2023; 13(1):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010080
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Jing, Hongfang Wang, Wenfeng Chen, Hongyu Song, Ying Wang, Zhenguo Liu, and Baohua Xu. 2023. "20-Hydroxyecdysone and Receptor Interplay in the Regulation of Hemolymph Glucose Level in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Larvae" Metabolites 13, no. 1: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010080