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Article

A Basic Study of the Effects of Mulberry Leaf Administration to Healthy C57BL/6 Mice on Gut Microbiota and Metabolites

by
Li Gan
1,
Yuga Inamura
1,2,
Yu Shimizu
3,
Yuki Yokoi
3,
Yuki Ohnishi
1,
Zihao Song
1,
Yasuhiro Kumaki
1,
Takashi Kikukawa
2,
Makoto Demura
2,
Masaaki Ito
4,
Tokiyoshi Ayabe
3,
Kiminori Nakamura
3 and
Tomoyasu Aizawa
1,*
1
Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
2
Laboratory of Biological Information Analysis Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
3
Innate Immunity Laboratory, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
4
National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, Nago 905-2192, Okinawa, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Metabolites 2023, 13(9), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13091003
Submission received: 12 August 2023 / Revised: 5 September 2023 / Accepted: 5 September 2023 / Published: 10 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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Abstract

Mulberry leaves contain α-glucosidase inhibitors, which have hypoglycemic effects and are considered functional foods. However, few reports have covered the effects of mulberry leaf components on normal gut microbiota and gut metabolites. Herein, gut microbiota analysis and NMR-based metabolomics were performed on the feces of mulberry leaf powder (MLP)-treated mice to determine the effects of long-term MLP consumption. Gut microbiota in the mouse were analyzed using 16S-rRNA gene sequencing, and no significant differences were revealed in the diversity and community structure of the gut microbiota in the C57BL/6 mice with or without MLP supplementation. Thirty-nine metabolites were identified via 1H-NMR analysis, and carbohydrates and amino acids were significantly (p < 0.01–0.05) altered upon MLP treatment. In the MLP-treated group, there was a marked increase and decrease in maltose and glucose concentrations, respectively, possibly due to the degradation inhibitory activity of oligosaccharides. After 5 weeks, all amino acid concentrations decreased. Furthermore, despite clear fluctuations in fecal saccharide concentrations, short-chain fatty acid production via intestinal bacterial metabolism was not strongly affected. This study provides the knowledge that MLP administration can alter the gut metabolites without affecting the normal gut microbiota, which is useful for considering MLP as a healthy food source.
Keywords: mulberry leaf; C57BL/6 mice; gut microbiota; NMR spectroscopy; metabolomics mulberry leaf; C57BL/6 mice; gut microbiota; NMR spectroscopy; metabolomics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gan, L.; Inamura, Y.; Shimizu, Y.; Yokoi, Y.; Ohnishi, Y.; Song, Z.; Kumaki, Y.; Kikukawa, T.; Demura, M.; Ito, M.; et al. A Basic Study of the Effects of Mulberry Leaf Administration to Healthy C57BL/6 Mice on Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. Metabolites 2023, 13, 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13091003

AMA Style

Gan L, Inamura Y, Shimizu Y, Yokoi Y, Ohnishi Y, Song Z, Kumaki Y, Kikukawa T, Demura M, Ito M, et al. A Basic Study of the Effects of Mulberry Leaf Administration to Healthy C57BL/6 Mice on Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. Metabolites. 2023; 13(9):1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13091003

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gan, Li, Yuga Inamura, Yu Shimizu, Yuki Yokoi, Yuki Ohnishi, Zihao Song, Yasuhiro Kumaki, Takashi Kikukawa, Makoto Demura, Masaaki Ito, and et al. 2023. "A Basic Study of the Effects of Mulberry Leaf Administration to Healthy C57BL/6 Mice on Gut Microbiota and Metabolites" Metabolites 13, no. 9: 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13091003

APA Style

Gan, L., Inamura, Y., Shimizu, Y., Yokoi, Y., Ohnishi, Y., Song, Z., Kumaki, Y., Kikukawa, T., Demura, M., Ito, M., Ayabe, T., Nakamura, K., & Aizawa, T. (2023). A Basic Study of the Effects of Mulberry Leaf Administration to Healthy C57BL/6 Mice on Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. Metabolites, 13(9), 1003. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13091003

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