Analysis of Serum Exosome Metabolites Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Clinical Samples
2.2. Exosome Isolation and Characterization
2.3. Extraction of Exosome Metabolites
2.4. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reliability of the Analytical Method
3.2. Differential Metabolite Screening
3.3. Metabolic Pathway Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
4.2. Linoleic Acid and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | HC Group | HCC Group |
---|---|---|
Number | 12 | 36 |
Gender (male/female) | 9/3 | 30/6 |
Age (years) | 49.2 ± 7.5 | 59.2 ± 8.2 |
AFP (ng/mL) | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 106.8 ± 126.3 |
CEA (ng/mL) | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 1.8 |
Metabolite | VIP | FC | p | Pathway |
---|---|---|---|---|
Linoleic acid ↑ | 1.39 | 2.02 | <0.001 | Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids Linoleic acid metabolism |
Caprylic acid ↑ | 1.50 | 10.55 | <0.001 | Fatty acid biosynthesis |
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid ↑ | 1.29 | 17.92 | 0.030 | Primary bile acid biosynthesis |
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid ↑ | 1.34 | 17.92 | 0.034 | NA |
Taurodeoxycholic acid ↑ | 1.36 | 17.92 | 0.028 | NA |
Pentadecanoic acid ↓ | 1.13 | 0.49 | <0.001 | NA |
Hexacosanoic acid ↓ | 3.78 | 0.22 | 0.009 | NA |
PC(16:0/20:4) ↓ | 2.57 | 0.40 | 0.002 | NA |
PC(18:2/18:2) ↓ | 2.64 | 0.40 | 0.003 | NA |
Oleic acid ↓ | 1.31 | 0.47 | 0.023 | Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids |
5,6-EET ↓ | 1.84 | 0.29 | 0.002 | Arachidonic acid metabolism |
14,15-EET ↓ | 1.85 | 0.29 | 0.002 | NA |
16(R)-HETE ↓ | 1.81 | 0.29 | 0.002 | NA |
8,9-EET ↓ | 1.87 | 0.29 | 0.002 | Arachidonic acid metabolism |
11,12-EET ↓ | 1.86 | 0.29 | 0.002 | Arachidonic acid metabolism |
20-HETE ↓ | 1.85 | 0.29 | 0.002 | Arachidonic acid metabolism |
15(S)-HETE ↓ | 1.85 | 0.29 | 0.002 | Arachidonic acid metabolism |
19(S)-HETE ↓ | 1.84 | 0.29 | 0.002 | Arachidonic acid metabolism |
Pathway | Total | Hits | Raw P | Impact |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arachidonic acid metabolism | 36 | 8 | <0.001 | 0.06 |
Linoleic acid metabolism | 5 | 2 | <0.001 | 1.00 |
Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids | 36 | 2 | 0.030 | 0.01 |
Primary bile acid biosynthesis | 46 | 1 | 0.304 | 0.01 |
Fatty acid biosynthesis | 47 | 1 | 0.310 | <0.01 |
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Zhao, T.; Liang, Y.; Zhen, X.; Wang, H.; Song, L.; Xing, D.; Li, H. Analysis of Serum Exosome Metabolites Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Metabolites 2024, 14, 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080462
Zhao T, Liang Y, Zhen X, Wang H, Song L, Xing D, Li H. Analysis of Serum Exosome Metabolites Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Metabolites. 2024; 14(8):462. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080462
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Tingting, Yan Liang, Xiaolan Zhen, Hong Wang, Li Song, Didi Xing, and Hui Li. 2024. "Analysis of Serum Exosome Metabolites Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma" Metabolites 14, no. 8: 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080462