Comparison of Adiposomal Lipids between Obese and Non-Obese Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participant Enrollment
2.2. Cardiometabolic Risk Measurements
2.3. Adiposome Isolation
2.4. Adiposomal Lipid Isolation and Analysis
2.5. Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD)
2.6. Flow-Induced Dilation (FID) in Adipose Tissue Arterioles
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Adiposomal Characterization
3.3. Adiposomal Lipid Content
3.4. Relationship between the Adiposomal LPCs and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
3.5. Relationship between the Adiposomal Ceramides and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
3.6. Pathway Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Lean (n = 10, 5 Females) | Obese (n = 10, 5 Females) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 36 ± 5 | 35 ± 7 | NS |
Anthropometric | |||
Weight, kg | 69.5 ± 3.1 | 152.4 ± 9.7 | <0.0001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.4 ± 1.4 | 47.8 ± 5.9 | <0.0001 |
Cardiometabolic | |||
FPI, µU/mL | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 14.2 ± 1.9 | 0.0007 |
FPG, mg/dL | 85 ± 7 | 127 ± 10 | 0.0029 |
HOMA-IR | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 0.0001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 5.7 ± 0.3 | NS |
Chol, mg/dL | 147.5 ± 5.5 | 192.0 ± 11 | 0.0020 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 85.1 ± 4.6 | 111.3 ± 6.1 | 0.0030 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 57.0 ± 3.7 | 32.0 ± 4.7 | 0.0006 |
Trig, mg/dL | 91.6 ± 4.2 | 127.0 ± 5.2 | <0.0001 |
HR, bpm | 75 ± 4 | 80 ± 5 | NS |
SBP, mmHg | 118 ± 2 | 122 ± 4 | NS |
DBP, mmHg | 75 ± 2 | 84 ± 2 | 0.0052 |
BMI | Fat % | Lean % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | |
LPC 17:0 | −0.552 ** | 0.006 | −0.764 ** | 0.000 | 0.804 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 18:0 | −0.562 ** | 0.005 | −0.721 ** | 0.000 | 0.777 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 18:0 | −0.569 ** | 0.004 | −0.728 ** | 0.000 | 0.785 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 24:0 | −0.604 ** | 0.002 | −0.698 ** | 0.000 | 0.769 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 18:1 | −0.559 ** | 0.005 | −0.731 ** | 0.000 | 0.760 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 17:1 | −0.535 ** | 0.008 | −0.740 ** | 0.000 | 0.784 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 20:2 | −0.552 ** | 0.006 | −0.735 ** | 0.000 | 0.806 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 18:2 | −0.631 ** | 0.001 | −0.793 ** | 0.000 | 0.830 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:2/22:6 | −0.614 ** | 0.002 | −0.731 ** | 0.000 | 0.747 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:2/20:4 | −0.543 ** | 0.007 | −0.709 ** | 0.000 | 0.769 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 20:0 | −0.587 ** | 0.003 | −0.729 ** | 0.000 | 0.785 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 19:0 | −0.550 ** | 0.006 | −0.702 ** | 0.000 | 0.791 ** | 0.000 |
PC 36:3 | −0.576 ** | 0.004 | −0.696 ** | 0.000 | 0.768 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:1/18:3 | −0.552 ** | 0.006 | −0.683 ** | 0.000 | 0.760 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:2/18:2 | −0.544 ** | 0.007 | −0.670 ** | 0.001 | 0.749 ** | 0.000 |
PC 16:1/18:2 | −0.590 ** | 0.003 | −0.580 ** | 0.004 | 0.660 ** | 0.001 |
LPC 24:1 | −0.491 * | 0.014 | −0.624 ** | 0.002 | 0.724 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:1/18:2 | −0.564 ** | 0.005 | −0.606 ** | 0.002 | 0.700 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:1/22:5 | −0.525 ** | 0.009 | −0.522 ** | 0.009 | 0.596 ** | 0.003 |
LPC 22:0 | −0.329 | 0.078 | −0.652 ** | 0.001 | 0.713 ** | 0.000 |
PC 17:0/18:2 | −0.559 ** | 0.005 | −0.578 ** | 0.004 | 0.656 ** | 0.001 |
PC 17:0/18:1 | −0.551 ** | 0.006 | −0.606 ** | 0.002 | 0.623 ** | 0.002 |
PC 35:3 | −0.490 * | 0.014 | −0.609 ** | 0.002 | 0.692 ** | 0.000 |
PC 16:0/18:0 | −0.578 ** | 0.004 | −0.659 ** | 0.001 | 0.722 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:0/20:2 | −0.574 ** | 0.004 | −0.608 ** | 0.002 | 0.687 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 26:0 | −0.712 ** | 0.000 | −0.684 ** | 0.000 | 0.720 ** | 0.000 |
PC 14:0/18:3 | −0.515 * | 0.010 | −0.491 * | 0.014 | 0.520 ** | 0.009 |
PC 18:0/18:1 | −0.650 ** | 0.001 | −0.623 ** | 0.002 | 0.649 ** | 0.001 |
PC 19:0/18:2 | −0.537 ** | 0.007 | −0.582 ** | 0.004 | 0.691 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 20:3 | −0.521 ** | 0.009 | −0.660 ** | 0.001 | 0.688 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 15:0 | −0.535 ** | 0.008 | −0.604 ** | 0.002 | 0.651 ** | 0.001 |
SUM LPC | −0.635 ** | 0.001 | −0.715 ** | 0.000 | 0.794 ** | 0.000 |
SBP | NO | FMD | FID | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | |
LPC 17:0 | −0.306 | 0.095 | 0.352 | 0.064 | 0.289 | 0.108 | 0.687 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 18:0 | −0.281 | 0.115 | 0.515 * | 0.010 | 0.341 | 0.070 | 0.684 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 18:0 | −0.289 | 0.108 | 0.525 ** | 0.009 | 0.355 | 0.062 | 0.692 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 24:0 | −0.223 | 0.172 | 0.523 ** | 0.009 | 0.388 * | 0.046 | 0.722 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 18:1 | −0.314 | 0.089 | 0.459 * | 0.021 | 0.254 | 0.140 | 0.691 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 17:1 | −0.347 | 0.067 | 0.350 | 0.065 | 0.254 | 0.140 | 0.684 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 20:2 | −0.334 | 0.075 | 0.351 | 0.065 | 0.381 * | 0.049 | 0.657 ** | 0.001 |
LPC 18:2 | −0.332 | 0.077 | 0.397 * | 0.042 | 0.475 * | 0.017 | 0.659 ** | 0.001 |
PC 18:2/22:6 | −0.357 | 0.061 | 0.355 | 0.062 | 0.233 | 0.161 | 0.707 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:2/20:4 | −0.367 | 0.056 | 0.309 | 0.093 | 0.359 | 0.060 | 0.656 ** | 0.001 |
LPC 20:0 | −0.273 | 0.122 | 0.479 * | 0.016 | 0.419 * | 0.033 | 0.704 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 19:0 | −0.360 | 0.059 | 0.378 * | 0.050 | 0.381 * | 0.049 | 0.711 ** | 0.000 |
PC 36:3 | −0.421 * | 0.032 | 0.368 | 0.055 | 0.599 ** | 0.003 | 0.684 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:1/18:3 | −0.411 * | 0.036 | 0.350 | 0.065 | 0.602 ** | 0.002 | 0.650 ** | 0.001 |
PC 18:2/18:2 | −0.400 * | 0.040 | 0.332 | 0.076 | 0.588 ** | 0.003 | 0.644 ** | 0.001 |
PC 16:1/18:2 | −0.465 * | 0.019 | 0.314 | 0.088 | 0.259 | 0.135 | 0.707 ** | 0.000 |
LPC 24:1 | −0.280 | 0.116 | 0.531 ** | 0.008 | 0.406 * | 0.038 | 0.695 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:1/18:2 | −0.371 | 0.053 | 0.353 | 0.064 | 0.531 ** | 0.008 | 0.662 ** | 0.001 |
PC 18:1/22:5 | −0.368 | 0.055 | 0.281 | 0.115 | 0.081 | 0.367 | 0.622 ** | 0.002 |
LPC 22:0 | −0.363 | 0.058 | 0.327 | 0.080 | 0.435 * | 0.028 | 0.588 ** | 0.003 |
PC 17:0/18:2 | −0.376 | 0.051 | 0.215 | 0.181 | 0.413 * | 0.035 | 0.620 ** | 0.002 |
PC 17:0/18:1 | −0.263 | 0.131 | 0.398 * | 0.041 | 0.120 | 0.307 | 0.670 ** | 0.001 |
PC 35:3 | −0.414 * | 0.035 | 0.277 | 0.118 | 0.428 * | 0.030 | 0.636 ** | 0.001 |
PC 16:0/18:0 | −0.272 | 0.123 | 0.571 ** | 0.004 | 0.292 | 0.106 | 0.689 ** | 0.000 |
PC 18:0/20:2 | −0.245 | 0.149 | 0.343 | 0.069 | 0.462 * | 0.020 | 0.651 ** | 0.001 |
LPC 26:0 | −0.329 | 0.078 | 0.575 ** | 0.004 | 0.243 | 0.151 | 0.751 ** | 0.000 |
PC 14:0/18:3 | −0.389 * | 0.045 | 0.459 * | 0.021 | 0.514 * | 0.010 | 0.564 ** | 0.005 |
PC 18:0/18:1 | −0.216 | 0.181 | 0.509 * | 0.011 | 0.314 | 0.089 | 0.693 ** | 0.000 |
PC 19:0/18:2 | −0.302 | 0.098 | 0.394 * | 0.043 | 0.549 ** | 0.006 | 0.609 ** | 0.002 |
LPC 20:3 | −0.216 | 0.180 | 0.287 | 0.110 | 0.290 | 0.107 | 0.577 ** | 0.004 |
LPC 15:0 | −0.348 | 0.066 | 0.257 | 0.137 | 0.242 | 0.152 | 0.605 ** | 0.002 |
SUM LPC | −0.395 * | 0.042 | 0.407 * | 0.037 | 0.528 ** | 0.008 | 0.733 ** | 0.000 |
FPI | FPG | HOMA_IR | HDL-C | IL6 | CRP | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | |
LPC 17:0 | −0.406 * | 0.038 | 0.114 | 0.317 | −0.252 | 0.142 | 0.270 | 0.125 | −0.478 * | 0.017 | −0.520 ** | 0.009 |
LPC 18:0 | −0.453 * | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.462 | −0.310 | 0.092 | 0.216 | 0.181 | −0.490 * | 0.014 | −0.518 ** | 0.010 |
LPC 18:0 | −0.458 * | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.460 | −0.313 | 0.090 | 0.220 | 0.175 | −0.494 * | 0.013 | −0.523 ** | 0.009 |
LPC 24:0 | −0.556 ** | 0.005 | −0.144 | 0.272 | −0.443 * | 0.025 | 0.270 | 0.125 | −561 ** | 0.005 | −0.507 * | 0.011 |
LPC 18:1 | −0.398 * | 0.041 | 0.082 | 0.366 | −0.238 | 0.156 | 0.208 | 0.189 | −0.473 * | 0.017 | −0.512 * | 0.010 |
LPC 17:1 | −0.396 * | 0.042 | 0.098 | 0.341 | −0.243 | 0.151 | 0.260 | 0.134 | −0.494 * | 0.013 | −0.494 * | 0.013 |
LPC 20:2 | −0.455 * | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.474 | −0.325 | 0.081 | 0.275 | 0.120 | −0.522 ** | 0.009 | −0.484 * | 0.015 |
LPC 18:2 | −0.476 * | 0.017 | −0.020 | 0.466 | −0.351 | 0.065 | 0.383 * | 0.048 | −0.469 * | 0.019 | −0.558 ** | 0.005 |
PC 18:2/22:6 | −0.525 ** | 0.009 | 0.058 | 0.404 | −0.357 | 0.061 | 0.321 | 0.084 | −0.379 * | 0.050 | −0.649 ** | 0.001 |
PC 18:2/20:4 | −0.538 ** | 0.007 | −0.064 | 0.395 | −0.412 * | 0.036 | 0.253 | 0.141 | −0.523 ** | 0.009 | −0.533 ** | 0.008 |
LPC 20:0 | −0.501 * | 0.012 | −0.029 | 0.451 | −0.362 | 0.058 | 0.188 | 0.213 | −0.539 ** | 0.007 | −0.568 ** | 0.004 |
LPC 19:0 | −0.509 * | 0.011 | −0.011 | 0.482 | −0.369 | 0.055 | 0.305 | 0.095 | −0.604 ** | 0.002 | −0.504 * | 0.012 |
PC 36:3 | −0.515 * | 0.010 | −0.060 | 0.401 | −0.402 * | 0.039 | 0.250 | 0.143 | −0.538 ** | 0.007 | −0.539 ** | 0.007 |
PC 18:1/18:3 | −0.507 * | 0.011 | −0.093 | 0.348 | −0.406 * | 0.038 | 0.222 | 0.174 | −0.565 ** | 0.005 | −0.501 * | 0.012 |
PC 18:2/18:2 | −0.505 * | 0.012 | −0.105 | 0.329 | −0.410 * | 0.036 | 0.204 | 0.194 | −0.572 ** | 0.004 | −0.489 * | 0.014 |
PC 16:1/18:2 | −0.524 ** | 0.009 | −0.074 | 0.379 | −0.410 * | 0.036 | 0.411 * | 0.036 | −0.562 ** | 0.005 | −0.466 * | 0.019 |
LPC 24:1 | −0.411 * | 0.036 | 0.016 | 0.473 | −0.263 | 0.131 | 0.207 | 0.190 | −0.635 ** | 0.001 | −0.398 * | 0.041 |
PC 18:1/18:2 | −0.558 ** | 0.005 | −0.191 | 0.210 | −0.480 * | 0.016 | 0.296 | 0.102 | −0.625 ** | 0.002 | −0.472 * | 0.018 |
PC 18:1/22:5 | −0.475 * | 0.017 | −0.041 | 0.433 | −0.350 | 0.065 | 0.625 ** | 0.002 | −0.540 ** | 0.007 | −0.459 * | 0.021 |
LPC 22:0 | −0.205 | 0.193 | 0.276 | 0.120 | −0.004 | 0.493 | 0.017 | 0.471 | −0.669 ** | 0.001 | −0.339 | 0.072 |
PC 17:0/18:2 | −0.514 * | 0.010 | −0.161 | 0.249 | −0.454 * | 0.022 | 0.354 | 0.063 | −0.513 * | 0.010 | −0.451 * | 0.023 |
PC 17:0/18:1 | −0.429 * | 0.030 | −0.017 | 0.471 | −0.316 | 0.087 | 0.275 | 0.121 | −0.384 * | 0.047 | −0.483 * | 0.016 |
PC 35:3 | −0.480 * | 0.016 | −0.108 | 0.325 | −0.397 * | 0.042 | 0.288 | 0.109 | −0.553 ** | 0.006 | −0.406 * | 0.038 |
PC 16:0/18:0 | −0.576 ** | 0.004 | −0.122 | 0.304 | −0.460 * | 0.021 | 0.159 | 0.251 | −0.376 | 0.051 | −0.546 ** | 0.006 |
PC 18:0/20:2 | −0.477 * | 0.017 | −0.118 | 0.310 | −0.421 * | 0.032 | 0.256 | 0.138 | −0.468 * | 0.019 | −0.438 * | 0.027 |
LPC 26:0 | −0.497 * | 0.013 | −0.052 | 0.413 | −0.339 | 0.072 | 0.517 ** | 0.010 | −0.557 ** | 0.005 | −0.616 ** | 0.002 |
PC 14:0/18:3 | −0.465 * | 0.019 | −0.115 | 0.315 | −0.367 | 0.056 | 0.230 | 0.165 | −0.387 * | 0.046 | −0.468 * | 0.019 |
PC 18:0/18:1 | −0.501 * | 0.012 | −0.129 | 0.293 | −0.418 * | 0.033 | 0.231 | 0.163 | −0.404 * | 0.038 | −0.556 ** | 0.005 |
PC 19:0/18:2 | −0.566 ** | 0.005 | −0.207 | 0.190 | −0.510 * | 0.011 | 0.187 | 0.215 | −0.487 * | 0.015 | −0.457 * | 0.021 |
LPC 20:3 | −0.380 * | 0.049 | −0.007 | 0.489 | −0.290 | 0.108 | 0.175 | 0.230 | −0.396 * | 0.042 | −0.426 * | 0.031 |
LPC 15:0 | −0.429 * | 0.029 | 0.041 | 0.431 | −0.318 | 0.086 | 0.386 * | 0.047 | −0.365 | 0.057 | −0.479 * | 0.016 |
SUM LPC | −0.574 ** | 0.004 | −0.130 | 0.292 | −0.469 * | 0.019 | 0.301 | 0.098 | −0.609 ** | 0.002 | −0.552 ** | 0.006 |
BMI | Fat % | Lean % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | |
Cer d37:0 | 0.410 * | 0.036 | 0.445 * | 0.025 | −0.516 ** | 0.010 |
Cer d39:0 | 0.394 * | 0.043 | 0.564 ** | 0.005 | −0.639 ** | 0.001 |
Cer d41:0 | 0.421 * | 0.032 | 0.563 ** | 0.005 | −0.628 ** | 0.002 |
Cer d18:0/23:0 | 0.421 * | 0.032 | 0.563 ** | 0.005 | −0.628 ** | 0.002 |
Cer d40:0 | 0.429 * | 0.030 | 0.613 ** | 0.002 | −0.668 ** | 0.001 |
Cer d18:0/22:0 | 0.429 * | 0.030 | 0.613 ** | 0.002 | −0.668 ** | 0.001 |
Cer t42:0 | 0.428 * | 0.030 | 0.606 ** | 0.002 | −0.662 ** | 0.001 |
Cer d18:0/24:0 | 0.395 * | 0.042 | 0.600 ** | 0.003 | −0.652 ** | 0.001 |
Cer d42:0 | 0.363 | 0.058 | 0.608 ** | 0.002 | −0.654 ** | 0.001 |
Cer d18:0/18:0 | 0.410 * | 0.036 | 0.421 * | 0.032 | −0.497 * | 0.013 |
Cer d38:0 | 0.385 * | 0.047 | 0.542 ** | 0.007 | −0.612 ** | 0.002 |
Cer t40:0 | 0.370 | 0.054 | 0.537 ** | 0.007 | −0.612 ** | 0.002 |
Cer t43:0 | 0.394 * | 0.043 | 0.540 ** | 0.007 | −0.605 ** | 0.002 |
Cer d43:0 | 0.353 | 0.063 | 0.556 ** | 0.005 | −0.590 ** | 0.003 |
Cer d18:1/25:0 | 0.498 * | 0.013 | 0.527 ** | 0.009 | −0.542 ** | 0.007 |
Cer d19:1/24:0 | 0.502 * | 0.012 | 0.523 ** | 0.009 | −0.537 ** | 0.007 |
Cer d18:2/24:0 | 0.475 * | 0.017 | 0.441 * | 0.026 | −0.496 * | 0.013 |
SUM Cer | 0.273 | 0.123 | 0.427* | 0.030 | −0.470 * | 0.018 |
SBP | FMD | FID | IL6 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | |
Cer d37:0 | 0.224 | 0.171 | −0.328 | 0.079 | −0.483 * | 0.016 | 0.483 * | 0.015 |
Cer d39:0 | 0.386 * | 0.046 | −0.383 * | 0.048 | −0.593 ** | 0.003 | 0.730 ** | 0.000 |
Cer d41:0 | 0.393 * | 0.043 | −0.334 | 0.075 | −0.595 ** | 0.003 | 0.670 ** | 0.001 |
Cer d18:0/23:0 | 0.393 * | 0.043 | −0.334 | 0.075 | −0.595 ** | 0.003 | 0.670 ** | 0.001 |
Cer d40:0 | 0.429 * | 0.030 | −0.362 | 0.059 | −0.641 ** | 0.001 | 0.768 ** | 0.000 |
Cer d18:0/22:0 | 0.429 * | 0.030 | −0.362 | 0.059 | −0.641 ** | 0.001 | 0.768 ** | 0.000 |
Cer t42:0 | 0.421 * | 0.032 | −0.365 | 0.057 | −0.636 ** | 0.001 | 0.767 ** | 0.000 |
Cer d18:0/24:0 | 0.503 * | 0.012 | −0.348 | 0.066 | −0.623 ** | 0.002 | 0.771 ** | 0.000 |
Cer d42:0 | 0.596 ** | 0.003 | −0.339 | 0.072 | −0.633 ** | 0.001 | 0.803 ** | 0.000 |
Cer d18:0/18:0 | 0.204 | 0.194 | −0.320 | 0.084 | −0.458 * | 0.021 | 0.427 * | 0.030 |
Cer d38:0 | 0.365 | 0.057 | −0.394 * | 0.043 | −0.561 ** | 0.005 | 0.711 ** | 0.000 |
Cer t40:0 | 0.384 * | 0.047 | −0.404 * | 0.039 | −0.553 ** | 0.006 | 0.712 ** | 0.000 |
Cer t43:0 | 0.382 * | 0.048 | −0.314 | 0.089 | −0.569 ** | 0.004 | 0.647 ** | 0.001 |
Cer d43:0 | 0.485 * | 0.015 | −0.290 | 0.107 | −0.573 ** | 0.004 | 0.758 ** | 0.000 |
Cer d18:1/25:0 | 0.443 * | 0.025 | −0.514 * | 0.010 | −0.516 ** | 0.010 | 0.314 | 0.089 |
Cer d19:1/24:0 | 0.434 * | 0.028 | −0.507 * | 0.011 | −0.513 * | 0.010 | 0.309 | 0.093 |
Cer d18:2/24:0 | 0.455 * | 0.022 | −0.560 ** | 0.005 | −0.533 ** | 0.008 | 0.339 | 0.072 |
SUM Cer | 0.453 * | 0.022 | −0.294 | 0.104 | −0.470 * | 0.018 | 0.704 ** | 0.000 |
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Hussein, M.; Mirza, I.; Morsy, M.; Mostafa, A.; Hassan, C.; Masrur, M.; Bianco, F.M.; Papasani, S.; Levitan, I.; Mahmoud, A.M. Comparison of Adiposomal Lipids between Obese and Non-Obese Individuals. Metabolites 2024, 14, 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080464
Hussein M, Mirza I, Morsy M, Mostafa A, Hassan C, Masrur M, Bianco FM, Papasani S, Levitan I, Mahmoud AM. Comparison of Adiposomal Lipids between Obese and Non-Obese Individuals. Metabolites. 2024; 14(8):464. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080464
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussein, Mohamed, Imaduddin Mirza, Mohammed Morsy, Amro Mostafa, Chandra Hassan, Mario Masrur, Francesco M. Bianco, Subbaiah Papasani, Irena Levitan, and Abeer M. Mahmoud. 2024. "Comparison of Adiposomal Lipids between Obese and Non-Obese Individuals" Metabolites 14, no. 8: 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080464