The Impact of Varying Pasture Levels on the Metabolomic Profile of Bovine Ruminal Fluid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Metabolomic Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pasture Feeding Alters the Metabolite Profile of Bovine Ruminal Fluid
3.2. Relationship between Ruminal Fluid Morning and Evening Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maize Silage | Grass Silage | Conc. | Parlour Conc. | Total TMR | Total PMR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM (%) | 33.70 | 30.71 | 93.87 | 89.00 | 58.11 | 41.54 |
CP (g/kg DM) | 76.54 | 152.05 | 220.33 | 133.33 | 146.54 | 177.66 |
NDF (g/kg DM) | 427.29 | 459.71 | 238.86 | 308.80 | 358.43 | 363.69 |
Ash (g/kg DM) | 35.65 | 93.92 | 71.68 | 94.53 | 63.36 | 74.59 |
Starch (%) | 31.19 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 12.06 | 6.59 |
OM Digestibility (g/kg DM) | 760.17 | 739.00 | 849.00 | 840.6 | 792.90 | 815.66 |
Gross energy (MJ/kg DM) | 19.22 | 18.64 | 19.57 | 18.49 | 19.19 | 19.20 |
Pasture | PMR | |
---|---|---|
DM (%) | 208.31 | 221.18 |
CP (g/kg DM) | 845.13 | 843.23 |
NDF (g/kg DM) | 366.99 | 374.57 |
Ash (g/kg DM) | 208.42 | 218.67 |
Starch (%) | 85.39 | 87.64 |
OM Digestibility (g/kg DM) | 19.22 | 19.26 |
Gross energy (MJ/kg DM) | 208.31 | 221.18 |
Metabolite AM | Pasture | PMR | TMR | FDR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,3-Dihydroxyacetone | 0.03 | (0.02) | 0.03 | (0.01) | 0.03 | (0.01) | <0.05 |
2-Hydroxy-3-methylvalerate | 0.07 | (0.02) a | 0.09 | (0.03) b | 0.09 | (0.03) b | <0.001 |
3-Hydroxybutyrate | 0.03 | (0.01) ab | 0.03 | (0.01) a | 0.03 | (0.01) b | <0.05 |
3-Hydroxyphenylacetate | 0.02 | (0.01) a | 0.03 | (0.01) b | 0.03 | (0.01) b | <0.001 |
3-Phenylpropionate | 0.51 | (0.09) a | 0.43 | (0.07) b | 0.44 | (0.08) b | <0.001 |
5-Phenylvaleric acid | 0.18 | (0.09) a | 0.20 | (0.08) ab | 0.23 | (0.08) b | <0.001 |
Acetate | 66.37 | (3.05) a | 62.90 | (5.82) b | 64.18 | (3.48) b | <0.001 |
Acetoacetate | 0.03 | (0.01) | 0.03 | (0.01) | 0.03 | (0.01) | 0.0.095 |
Acetone | 0.03 | (0.04) | 0.03 | (0.02) | 0.04 | (0.03) | 0.610 |
Alanine | 0.17 | (0.06) a | 0.19 | (0.04) ab | 0.20 | (0.05) b | <0.01 |
Aspartate | 0.10 | (0.05) a | 0.12 | (0.04) b | 0.11 | (0.04) ab | <0.01 |
Benzoate | 0.04 | (0.03) | 0.03 | (0.01) | 0.04 | (0.02) | <0.05 |
Butyrate | 10.50 | (1.10) a | 8.99 | (1.19) b | 9.41 | (1.84) b | <0.001 |
Cadaverine | 0.05 | (0.02) a | 0.05 | (0.02) ab | 0.06 | (0.02) b | <0.01 |
Choline | 0.02 | (0.01) a | 0.01 | (0.00) b | 0.02 | (0.01) ab | <0.05 |
Dimethyl sulfone | 0.02 | (0.01) a | 0.02 | (0.00) b | 0.01 | (0.00) c | <0.001 |
Dimethylamine | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.498 |
Ethanol | 0.10 | (0.08) | 0.12 | (0.09) | 0.10 | (0.04) | 0.433 |
Formate | 0.09 | (0.03) a | 0.09 | (0.02) ab | 0.07 | (0.02) b | <0.01 |
Fumarate | 0.01 | (0.01) a | 0.01 | (0.00) ab | 0.01 | (0.00) b | <0.05 |
Glucose | 0.44 | (0.34) a | 0.44 | (0.33) ab | 0.75 | (0.44) b | <0.001 |
Glutamate | 0.26 | (0.07) a | 0.43 | (0.13) b | 0.35 | (0.14) c | <0.001 |
Glycerol | 0.06 | (0.04) | 0.06 | (0.02) | 0.06 | (0.02) | 0.216 |
Glycine | 0.06 | (0.02) | 0.07 | (0.02) | 0.07 | (0.02) | 0.181 |
Histidine | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.528 |
Hypoxanthine | 0.07 | (0.03) | 0.06 | (0.02) | 0.07 | (0.03) | 0.139 |
Imidazole | 0.03 | (0.02) | 0.03 | (0.01) | 0.03 | (0.01) | 0.098 |
Isobutyrate | 0.96 | (0.20) a | 0.86 | (0.09) b | 0.98 | (0.17) ab | <0.001 |
Isoleucine | 0.04 | (0.02) | 0.04 | (0.01) | 0.04 | (0.01) | 0.056 |
Isopropanol | 0.03 | (0.01) a | 0.05 | (0.03) b | 0.04 | (0.02) ab | <0.001 |
Isovalerate | 0.61 | (0.17) a | 0.54 | (0.08) b | 0.57 | (0.11) ab | <0.05 |
Lactate | 0.07 | (0.07) | 0.07 | (0.03) | 0.07 | (0.02) | 0.941 |
Leucine | 0.05 | (0.02) | 0.05 | (0.01) | 0.05 | (0.01) | 0.289 |
Lysine | 0.07 | (0.03) | 0.07 | (0.03) | 0.08 | (0.02) | 0.941 |
Malonic acid | 0.02 | (0.01) a | 0.02 | (0.01) ab | 0.02 | (0.01) b | <0.001 |
Maltose | 0.09 | (0.07) a | 0.10 | (0.06) a | 0.22 | (0.13) b | <0.001 |
Methanol | 0.01 | (0.02) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.611 |
Methylamine | 0.03 | (0.03) | 0.02 | (0.03) | 0.02 | (0.02) | 0.277 |
N-Acetylglutamic acid | 0.20 | (0.08) a | 0.23 | (0.08) a | 0.27 | (0.07) b | <0.001 |
Phenylacetate | 0.25 | (0.14) | 0.20 | (0.09) | 0.20 | (0.11) | 0.052 |
Proline | 0.12 | (0.07) | 0.12 | (0.04) | 0.12 | (0.04) | 0.871 |
Propionate | 16.10 | (2.22) a | 20.23 | (4.26) b | 18.19 | (3.30) c | <0.001 |
Propylene glycol | 0.03 | (0.02) a | 0.04 | (0.03) ab | 0.04 | (0.03) b | <0.01 |
Ribose | 0.24 | (0.15) ab | 0.22 | (0.10) a | 0.29 | (0.12) b | <0.05 |
Succinate | 0.05 | (0.04) ab | 0.05 | (0.03) a | 0.04 | (0.03) b | 0.064 |
Trimethylamine | 0.03 | (0.04) a | 0.03 | (0.05) ab | 0.02 | (0.02) b | 0.181 |
Tyrosine | 0.04 | (0.02) | 0.05 | (0.02) | 0.05 | (0.01) | <0.05 |
Uracil | 0.07 | (0.03) | 0.07 | (0.03) | 0.08 | (0.03) | 0.155 |
Valerate | 1.48 | (0.76) a | 2.38 | (1.50) b | 2.06 | (0.82) b | <0.001 |
Valine | 0.06 | (0.02) | 0.06 | (0.02) | 0.06 | (0.02) | 0.575 |
Metabolite AM | Pasture | PMR | TMR | FDR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,3-Dihydroxyacetone | 0.02 | (0.01) a | 0.03 | (0.01) b | 0.03 | (0.01) b | <0.001 |
2-Hydroxy-3-methylvalerate | 0.09 | (0.02) a | 0.10 | (0.03) ab | 0.10 | (0.04) b | <0.05 |
3-Hydroxybutyrate | 0.05 | (0.02) a | 0.05 | (0.01) b | 0.04 | (0.01) c | <0.001 |
3-Hydroxyphenylacetate | 0.06 | (0.04) a | 0.06 | (0.02) a | 0.03 | (0.02) b | <0.001 |
3-Phenylpropionate | 0.83 | (0.20) a | 0.85 | (0.13) a | 0.37 | (0.11) b | <0.001 |
5-Phenylvaleric acid | 0.22 | (0.09) a | 0.22 | (0.08) a | 0.27 | (0.11) b | <0.001 |
Acetate | 61.04 | (4.46) a | 61.11 | (3.20) a | 58.75 | (3.92) b | <0.01 |
Acetoacetate | 0.03 | (0.01) a | 0.03 | (0.01) a | 0.04 | (0.02) b | <0.001 |
Acetone | 0.07 | (0.08) a | 0.04 | (0.02) b | 0.09 | (0.09) a | <0.001 |
Alanine | 0.18 | (0.06) a | 0.20 | (0.06) a | 0.32 | (0.27) b | <0.001 |
Aspartate | 0.10 | (0.04) | 0.10 | (0.04) | 0.10 | (0.05) | 0.225 |
Benzoate | 0.06 | (0.02) ab | 0.07 | (0.08) a | 0.04 | (0.02) b | <0.05 |
Butyrate | 11.53 | (1.47) a | 10.01 | (2.13) b | 10.27 | (1.96) b | <0.001 |
Cadaverine | 0.07 | (0.04) a | 0.07 | (0.02) a | 0.10 | (0.03) b | <0.001 |
Choline | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.074 |
Dimethyl sulfone | 0.02 | (0.01) a | 0.01 | (0.00) b | 0.02 | (0.00) b | <0.001 |
Dimethylamine | 0.03 | (0.02) | 0.03 | (0.03) | 0.03 | (0.03) | 0.385 |
Ethanol | 0.32 | (0.41) a | 0.22 | (0.21) a | 0.93 | (1.05) b | <0.001 |
Formate | 0.06 | (0.02) ab | 0.06 | (0.02) a | 0.05 | (0.02) b | <0.001 |
Fumarate | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.00) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.381 |
Glucose | 0.88 | (0.46) a | 0.66 | (0.32) a | 1.61 | (0.70) b | <0.001 |
Glutamate | 0.20 | (0.05) a | 0.27 | (0.09) b | 0.25 | (0.10) b | <0.001 |
Glycerol | 0.07 | (0.03) a | 0.07 | (0.02) a | 0.10 | (0.05) b | <0.001 |
Glycine | 0.10 | (0.06) a | 0.07 | (0.02) a | 0.18 | (0.12) b | <0.001 |
Histidine | 0.03 | (0.01) | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.257 |
Hypoxanthine | 0.09 | (0.03) ab | 0.08 | (0.03) a | 0.10 | (0.03) b | <0.01 |
Imidazole | 0.04 | (0.02) | 0.04 | (0.02) | 0.04 | (0.02) | 0.257 |
Isobutyrate | 0.87 | (0.21) | 0.87 | (0.17) | 0.89 | (0.14) | 0.712 |
Isoleucine | 0.06 | (0.02) a | 0.04 | (0.01) b | 0.08 | (0.03) c | <0.001 |
Isopropanol | 0.05 | (0.02) ab | 0.04 | (0.01) a | 0.06 | (0.03) b | <0.01 |
Isovalerate | 0.57 | (0.16) | 0.54 | (0.11) | 0.54 | (0.12) | 0.434 |
Lactate | 0.08 | (0.03) | 0.07 | (0.02) | 0.08 | (0.04) | 0.113 |
Leucine | 0.05 | (0.02) a | 0.06 | (0.02) a | 0.07 | (0.04) b | <0.01 |
Lysine | 0.10 | (0.05) a | 0.08 | (0.04) a | 0.13 | (0.07) b | <0.001 |
Malonic acid | 0.02 | (0.01) a | 0.02 | (0.01) a | 0.03 | (0.01) b | <0.001 |
Maltose | 0.18 | (0.09) a | 0.16 | (0.10) a | 0.61 | (0.23) b | <0.001 |
Methanol | 0.02 | (0.02) a | 0.02 | (0.01) a | 0.03 | (0.03) b | <0.01 |
Methylamine | 0.17 | (0.11) ab | 0.19 | (0.14) a | 0.13 | (0.08) b | <0.05 |
N-Acetylglutamic acid | 0.26 | (0.08) a | 0.27 | (0.07) a | 0.31 | (0.05) b | <0.01 |
Phenylacetate | 0.32 | (0.18) a | 0.28 | (0.11) a | 0.21 | (0.08) b | <0.001 |
Proline | 0.11 | (0.05) | 0.11 | (0.04) | 0.12 | (0.05) | 0.090 |
Propionate | 18.43 | (2.87) a | 19.87 | (2.09) b | 19.24 | (3.42) | <0.05 |
Propylene glycol | 0.04 | (0.02) a | 0.04 | (0.01) a | 0.10 | (0.06) b | <0.001 |
Ribose | 0.27 | (0.11) a | 0.28 | (0.09) a | 0.34 | (0.13) b | <0.01 |
Succinate | 0.02 | (0.02) | 0.02 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.101 |
Trimethylamine | 0.11 | (0.14) | 0.06 | (0.06) | 0.10 | (0.13) | 0.080 |
Tyrosine | 0.05 | (0.02) a | 0.05 | (0.02) a | 0.06 | (0.02) b | <0.001 |
Uracil | 0.10 | (0.03) | 0.09 | (0.03) | 0.11 | (0.04) | <0.05 |
Valerate | 1.88 | (0.65) a | 2.30 | (1.10) a | 2.77 | (1.00) b | <0.001 |
Valine | 0.06 | (0.02) a | 0.06 | (0.02) a | 0.09 | (0.08) b | <0.01 |
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Connolly, C.; Timlin, M.; Hogan, S.A.; O’Callaghan, T.F.; Brodkorb, A.; O’Donovan, M.; Hennessy, D.; Fitzpatrick, E.; McCarthy, K.; Murphy, J.P.; et al. The Impact of Varying Pasture Levels on the Metabolomic Profile of Bovine Ruminal Fluid. Metabolites 2024, 14, 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090476
Connolly C, Timlin M, Hogan SA, O’Callaghan TF, Brodkorb A, O’Donovan M, Hennessy D, Fitzpatrick E, McCarthy K, Murphy JP, et al. The Impact of Varying Pasture Levels on the Metabolomic Profile of Bovine Ruminal Fluid. Metabolites. 2024; 14(9):476. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090476
Chicago/Turabian StyleConnolly, Claire, Mark Timlin, Sean A. Hogan, Tom F. O’Callaghan, André Brodkorb, Michael O’Donovan, Deirdre Hennessy, Ellen Fitzpatrick, Kieran McCarthy, John P. Murphy, and et al. 2024. "The Impact of Varying Pasture Levels on the Metabolomic Profile of Bovine Ruminal Fluid" Metabolites 14, no. 9: 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090476