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Volume 15
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10.3390/metabo15040267
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Review

From Inflammation to Infertility: How Oxidative Stress and Infections Disrupt Male Reproductive Health

by
Anastasios Potiris
1,*,†,
Efthalia Moustakli
2,†,
Eleni Trismpioti
3,
Eirini Drakaki
3,
Despoina Mavrogianni
3,
Alkis Matsas
4,
Athanasios Zikopoulos
1,
Antonios Sfakianakis
5,
Ioannis Tsakiridis
6,
Themistoklis Dagklis
6,
Athanasios Zachariou
7,
Panagiotis Christopoulos
8,
Ekaterini Domali
3,
Peter Drakakis
1 and
Sofoklis Stavros
1,*
1
Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece
2
Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
3
First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece
4
Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N.S. Christeas”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
5
Homerton Fertility Centre, Homerton University Hospital, Homerton Row, Clapton, London E9 6SR, UK
6
Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital Ippokratio, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 42 Thessaloniki, Greece
7
Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ioannina University, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
8
Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Metabolites 2025, 15(4), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040267
Submission received: 9 March 2025 / Revised: 1 April 2025 / Accepted: 10 April 2025 / Published: 11 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Reproductive Medicine: Unlocking the Secrets of the Ovary and Sperm for Fertility and Beyond)
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Inflammation, infections, and oxidative stress (OS) all have an impact on male infertility, which is a complicated, multifaceted illness. OS affects motility and fertilization capability. It accomplishes this through damaging sperm DNA, oxidizing proteins, and triggering lipid peroxidation. These effects occur due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. Methods: This review aims to evaluate the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on male infertility by assessing recent literature. Results: Pro-inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-α and IL-6, interfere with spermatogenesis and promote oxidative damage. Additionally, infections caused by pathogens like Escherichia coli and Chlamydia trachomatis alter the reproductive microenvironment, leading to sperm dysfunction and inflammation. Conclusions: Early detection and targeted treatment are essential due to the intricate interactions among these elements. Microbiota-modulating techniques, antimicrobial therapies, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antioxidants are therapeutic approaches that may help reduce oxidative damage and enhance male fertility.
Keywords: oxidative stress; inflammation; microbiota; pro-inflammatory cytokines; spermatogenesis; antimicrobial therapy; reproductive health oxidative stress; inflammation; microbiota; pro-inflammatory cytokines; spermatogenesis; antimicrobial therapy; reproductive health

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MDPI and ACS Style

Potiris, A.; Moustakli, E.; Trismpioti, E.; Drakaki, E.; Mavrogianni, D.; Matsas, A.; Zikopoulos, A.; Sfakianakis, A.; Tsakiridis, I.; Dagklis, T.; et al. From Inflammation to Infertility: How Oxidative Stress and Infections Disrupt Male Reproductive Health. Metabolites 2025, 15, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040267

AMA Style

Potiris A, Moustakli E, Trismpioti E, Drakaki E, Mavrogianni D, Matsas A, Zikopoulos A, Sfakianakis A, Tsakiridis I, Dagklis T, et al. From Inflammation to Infertility: How Oxidative Stress and Infections Disrupt Male Reproductive Health. Metabolites. 2025; 15(4):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040267

Chicago/Turabian Style

Potiris, Anastasios, Efthalia Moustakli, Eleni Trismpioti, Eirini Drakaki, Despoina Mavrogianni, Alkis Matsas, Athanasios Zikopoulos, Antonios Sfakianakis, Ioannis Tsakiridis, Themistoklis Dagklis, and et al. 2025. "From Inflammation to Infertility: How Oxidative Stress and Infections Disrupt Male Reproductive Health" Metabolites 15, no. 4: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040267

APA Style

Potiris, A., Moustakli, E., Trismpioti, E., Drakaki, E., Mavrogianni, D., Matsas, A., Zikopoulos, A., Sfakianakis, A., Tsakiridis, I., Dagklis, T., Zachariou, A., Christopoulos, P., Domali, E., Drakakis, P., & Stavros, S. (2025). From Inflammation to Infertility: How Oxidative Stress and Infections Disrupt Male Reproductive Health. Metabolites, 15(4), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040267

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