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Review

Breath Analysis as a Potential and Non-Invasive Frontier in Disease Diagnosis: An Overview

by
Jorge Pereira
1,*,
Priscilla Porto-Figueira
1,
Carina Cavaco
1,
Khushman Taunk
2,
Srikanth Rapole
2,
Rahul Dhakne
3,
Hampapathalu Nagarajaram
3 and
José S. Câmara
1,4
1
CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal
2
Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
3
Laboratory of Computational Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 001, India
4
Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Metabolites 2015, 5(1), 3-55; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo5010003
Submission received: 8 July 2014 / Accepted: 12 December 2014 / Published: 9 January 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breath Analysis in Metabolomics)
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Abstract

Currently, a small number of diseases, particularly cardiovascular (CVDs), oncologic (ODs), neurodegenerative (NDDs), chronic respiratory diseases, as well as diabetes, form a severe burden to most of the countries worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for development of efficient diagnostic tools, particularly those enabling reliable detection of diseases, at their early stages, preferably using non-invasive approaches. Breath analysis is a non-invasive approach relying only on the characterisation of volatile composition of the exhaled breath (EB) that in turn reflects the volatile composition of the bloodstream and airways and therefore the status and condition of the whole organism metabolism. Advanced sampling procedures (solid-phase and needle traps microextraction) coupled with modern analytical technologies (proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, e-noses, etc.) allow the characterisation of EB composition to an unprecedented level. However, a key challenge in EB analysis is the proper statistical analysis and interpretation of the large and heterogeneous datasets obtained from EB research. There is no standard statistical framework/protocol yet available in literature that can be used for EB data analysis towards discovery of biomarkers for use in a typical clinical setup. Nevertheless, EB analysis has immense potential towards development of biomarkers for the early disease diagnosis of diseases.
Keywords: Exhaled Breath (EB) analysis; Disease diagnosis; volatile organic compounds (VOCs), volatile fingerprint, breath analysis based disease diagnosis (BADD) Exhaled Breath (EB) analysis; Disease diagnosis; volatile organic compounds (VOCs), volatile fingerprint, breath analysis based disease diagnosis (BADD)
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MDPI and ACS Style

Pereira, J.; Porto-Figueira, P.; Cavaco, C.; Taunk, K.; Rapole, S.; Dhakne, R.; Nagarajaram, H.; Câmara, J.S. Breath Analysis as a Potential and Non-Invasive Frontier in Disease Diagnosis: An Overview. Metabolites 2015, 5, 3-55. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo5010003

AMA Style

Pereira J, Porto-Figueira P, Cavaco C, Taunk K, Rapole S, Dhakne R, Nagarajaram H, Câmara JS. Breath Analysis as a Potential and Non-Invasive Frontier in Disease Diagnosis: An Overview. Metabolites. 2015; 5(1):3-55. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo5010003

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pereira, Jorge, Priscilla Porto-Figueira, Carina Cavaco, Khushman Taunk, Srikanth Rapole, Rahul Dhakne, Hampapathalu Nagarajaram, and José S. Câmara. 2015. "Breath Analysis as a Potential and Non-Invasive Frontier in Disease Diagnosis: An Overview" Metabolites 5, no. 1: 3-55. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo5010003

APA Style

Pereira, J., Porto-Figueira, P., Cavaco, C., Taunk, K., Rapole, S., Dhakne, R., Nagarajaram, H., & Câmara, J. S. (2015). Breath Analysis as a Potential and Non-Invasive Frontier in Disease Diagnosis: An Overview. Metabolites, 5(1), 3-55. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo5010003

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