The Underappreciated Role of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Strong Link to Lung Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Types of EMT
3. Potential Factors Driving EMT and Its Signalling Pathways
4. Identification of EMT
5. EMT and Tumour Metastasis
6. EMT-MET Interaction
7. Lung Cancer
8. COPD and Lung Cancer
9. Drugs That Affect Both COPD and Lung Cancer and Their Interrelationship
10. Potential EMT-Targeted Therapies
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
α-SMA | α smooth muscle actin |
COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
CSC | cancer stem cells |
CTCs | circulating tumour cells |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
EMT | epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition |
ICS | inhaled corticosteroids |
LABAs | Long-acting β-agonists |
LAMA | long-acting muscarinic antagonists |
MET | mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition |
miRNA | micro-RNA |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinases |
NSCLC | Non-small cell lung cancer |
TGF | transforming growth factor |
ZO-1 | zonula occuludens-1 |
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Agents | Potential Targets | Potential Effects | Indication | Drug Developmental Stage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bufalin | TGF-β pathway | EMT inhibition | NSCLC | Preclinical |
SU11274 | C-Met | Overcomes resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies | NSCLC | Preclinical |
RO4929097 | Notch signalling | Inhibits EMT markers and cell migration or invasion | NSCLC | Phase II |
R428 (BGB324) | Axl | Overcomes resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies | NSCLC | Phase I/II |
LY3039478 | Notch signalling | Inhibits EMT markers and cell migration/invasion | Advanced solid tumours | Phase I |
CX-4945 | CK2 | Inhibits PI3K-Akt pathway and TGF-β1-induced EMT | Advanced solid tumours | Phase I |
SGI-7079 | VEGFR. Axl | Inhibits Axl and overcomes resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies | NSCLC | Preclinical |
Moscatilin | Snail, Slug, and vimentin | Inhibits EMT and sensitizes anoikis | NSCLC | In vitro (cell line) |
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Mahmood, M.Q.; Shukla, S.D.; Ward, C.; Walters, E.H. The Underappreciated Role of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Strong Link to Lung Cancer. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091394
Mahmood MQ, Shukla SD, Ward C, Walters EH. The Underappreciated Role of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Strong Link to Lung Cancer. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(9):1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091394
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahmood, Malik Quasir, Shakti D. Shukla, Chris Ward, and Eugene Haydn Walters. 2021. "The Underappreciated Role of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Strong Link to Lung Cancer" Biomolecules 11, no. 9: 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091394