The Radial Bulging and Axial Strains of Intervertebral Discs during Creep Obtained with the 3D-DIC System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. System Setup and Calibration
2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.3. Disc Bulging and Strains Computation
2.4. Fitting Models of Axial Strains and Lateral Bulging
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Loads on Disc Strains
3.2. Effects of Loads on Disc Bulging
3.3. Relations between Disc Strains and Bulging
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Load | η (MPa·s) | R2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
300 N | 0.375 | 8.361 | 0.196 | 7008.480 | 1373.662 | 0.9993 |
400 N | 0.500 | 2.171 | 0.060 | 4056.267 | 243.376 | 0.9979 |
500 N | 0.625 | 0.706 | 0.049 | 3379.265 | 165.584 | 0.9979 |
Equation (2) | Location | a | b | c | R2 |
300 N | Upper | 3.891 | 3.891 × 107 | 16.62 | 0.9194 |
Middle | 7.859 | 9.956 × 107 | 36.689 | 0.9056 | |
Lower | 4.186 | 1.559 × 107 | 24.033 | 0.9321 | |
400 N | Upper | 2.457 | 1.648 × 107 | 5.823 | 0.9687 |
Middle | 2.897 | 4.757 × 107 | 5.438 | 0.9220 | |
Lower | 1.147 | 1.889 × 107 | 2.624 | 0.9109 | |
500 N | Upper | 3.545 | 7.101 × 108 | 12.905 | 0.9122 |
Middle | 8.968 | 2.897 × 107 | 15.507 | 0.9543 | |
Lower | 1.288 | 1.504 × 106 | 5.138 | 0.9238 |
Reference | Specimen | Number | Load (N) | Time (min) | Bulging (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reuber et al., 1982 [37] | human lumbar | 14 | 400 | - | 0.55 |
Wenger et al., 1997 [38] | human lumbar | 16 | 2500 | 2.5 | 0.65 ± 0.42 |
Meakin et al., 2000 [39] | sheep lumbar | 18 | 1000 | - | 0.277 ± 0.218 |
Heuer et al., 2007 [7] | human lumbar | 7 | 500 | 15 | 1.1 |
Heuer et al., 2008 [8] | human lumbar | 6 | 500 | 15 | 0.86 |
Heuer et al., 2012 [9] | human lumbar | 6 | 500 | 15 | 0.8 |
Pei et al., 2013 [14] | ovine lumbar | 15 | 1000 | 5 | 0.343 ± 0.141 |
Lao et al., 2014 [20] | human cervical | 3000 | in vivo | in vivo | C23-0.6 |
C34-1.5 | |||||
C45-1.7 | |||||
C56-1.8 | |||||
C67-1.4 | |||||
C7T1-0.3 | |||||
Dupré et al., 2016 [13] | human lumbar | 25 | 250 | - | 0.4 |
Fewster et al., 2020 [10] | porcine cervical | 12 | 10 | 15 | 1.27 |
300 | 1.46 | ||||
600 | 1.43 | ||||
1200 | 1.45 | ||||
Mengoni et al., 2021 [15] | bovine caudal | 6 | 110 | 90 | 1.2 |
Our results | porcine cervical | 10 | 300 | 240 | 1.50 ± 0.61 |
400 | 240 | 1.67 ± 0.83 | |||
500 | 240 | 1.87 ± 0.83 |
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Yang, M.; Xiang, D.; Wang, S.; Liu, W. The Radial Bulging and Axial Strains of Intervertebral Discs during Creep Obtained with the 3D-DIC System. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081097
Yang M, Xiang D, Wang S, Liu W. The Radial Bulging and Axial Strains of Intervertebral Discs during Creep Obtained with the 3D-DIC System. Biomolecules. 2022; 12(8):1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081097
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Mengying, Dingding Xiang, Song Wang, and Weiqiang Liu. 2022. "The Radial Bulging and Axial Strains of Intervertebral Discs during Creep Obtained with the 3D-DIC System" Biomolecules 12, no. 8: 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081097