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Biomolecules
Volume 13
Issue 2
10.3390/biom13020267
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Article

Increased Enzymatic Activity of Acetylcholinesterase Indicates the Severity of the Sterile Inflammation and Predicts Patient Outcome following Traumatic Injury

by
Aleksandar R. Zivkovic
1,*,
Georgina M. Paul
1,
Stefan Hofer
2,
Karsten Schmidt
3,
Thorsten Brenner
3,
Markus A. Weigand
1 and
Sebastian O. Decker
1,*
1
Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
2
Clinic for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine I and Pain Therapy, Westpfalz Hospital, 67661 Kaiserslautern, Germany
3
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomolecules 2023, 13(2), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13020267
Submission received: 26 December 2022 / Revised: 23 January 2023 / Accepted: 30 January 2023 / Published: 31 January 2023
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Abstract

Traumatic injury induces sterile inflammation, an immune response often associated with severe organ dysfunction. The cholinergic system acts as an anti-inflammatory in injured patients. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, plays an essential role in controlling cholinergic activity. We hypothesized that a change in the AChE activity might indicate the severity of the traumatic injury. This study included 82 injured patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 4 or above and 40 individuals without injuries. Bedside-measured AChE was obtained on hospital arrival, followed by a second measurement 4–12 h later. C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBCC), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score were simultaneously collected. Injured patients showed an early and sustained increase in AChE activity. CRP remained unaffected at hospital admission and increased subsequently. Initially elevated WBCC recovered 4–12 h later. AChE activity directly correlated with the ISS and SOFA scores and predicted the length of ICU stay when measured at hospital admission. An early and sustained increase in AChE activity correlated with the injury severity and could predict the length of ICU stay in injured patients, rendering this assay a complementary diagnostic and prognostic tool at the hand of the attending clinician in the emergency unit.
Keywords: trauma; cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway; acetylcholine; point-of-care testing trauma; cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway; acetylcholine; point-of-care testing

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zivkovic, A.R.; Paul, G.M.; Hofer, S.; Schmidt, K.; Brenner, T.; Weigand, M.A.; Decker, S.O. Increased Enzymatic Activity of Acetylcholinesterase Indicates the Severity of the Sterile Inflammation and Predicts Patient Outcome following Traumatic Injury. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13020267

AMA Style

Zivkovic AR, Paul GM, Hofer S, Schmidt K, Brenner T, Weigand MA, Decker SO. Increased Enzymatic Activity of Acetylcholinesterase Indicates the Severity of the Sterile Inflammation and Predicts Patient Outcome following Traumatic Injury. Biomolecules. 2023; 13(2):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13020267

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zivkovic, Aleksandar R., Georgina M. Paul, Stefan Hofer, Karsten Schmidt, Thorsten Brenner, Markus A. Weigand, and Sebastian O. Decker. 2023. "Increased Enzymatic Activity of Acetylcholinesterase Indicates the Severity of the Sterile Inflammation and Predicts Patient Outcome following Traumatic Injury" Biomolecules 13, no. 2: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13020267

APA Style

Zivkovic, A. R., Paul, G. M., Hofer, S., Schmidt, K., Brenner, T., Weigand, M. A., & Decker, S. O. (2023). Increased Enzymatic Activity of Acetylcholinesterase Indicates the Severity of the Sterile Inflammation and Predicts Patient Outcome following Traumatic Injury. Biomolecules, 13(2), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13020267

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