The Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis of Sarcoma: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Mechanisms of Exosome Involvement in Sarcoma Metastasis
2.1. Exosomes and the TME in Sarcoma Metastasis
2.2. Exosome and PMN Formation in Sarcoma Metastasis
2.2.1. Organotropism in PMN Formation
2.2.2. Interaction with Stromal Cells in PMN Formation
2.2.3. Alterations in the ECM in PMN Formation
2.3. Regulation of Immunity
2.4. Angiogenesis and Vascular Permeability
2.5. Migration of Sarcoma Cells
3. Exosomes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Sarcoma Metastasis
3.1. Osteosarcoma
3.1.1. Exosomal Proteins as Biomarkers in OS
3.1.2. Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers in OS
3.1.3. Exosomal lncRNAs as Biomarkers in OS
3.2. Chondrosarcoma
3.3. Rhabdomyosarcoma
3.4. Liposarcoma
4. Therapeutic Strategies Based on Exosome for Sarcoma Metastasis
4.1. Inhibition of Exosome Release
4.2. Blocking Downstream Pathway of Exosome
4.3. Harnessing Exosomes as Delivery Systems to Treat Sarcoma Metastasis
5. Clinical Experience of Exosomes in Sarcoma Metastasis
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Exosomal Contents | Sarcoma | Exosome Source | Exosomal Cargo | Effect | Clinical Significance | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
proteins | OS | Serum | LCP1 | Activate JAK2/STAT3 | promote metastasis | [106] |
OS | Serum | COL6A1 | Downregulate STAT1 | promote metastasis | [65] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | Rab22a-NeoF1 | Bind PYK2 | promote metastasis | [107] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | Tim-3 | Induce macrophage polarization | promote metastasis | [93] | |
OS | Serum | PD-L1 and N-cadherin | Not mentioned | promote metastasis | [108] | |
OS | Plasma | SENP1 | Not mentioned | promote metastasis | [109] | |
miRNA | OS | Serum | miR-675 | Downregulate CALN1 | promote metastasis | [103] |
OS | Serum | miR-1307 | Inhibit AGAP1 | promote metastasis | [110] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | miR-769-5p | Activate JNK/p38/MAPK | promote metastasis | [111] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | miR-208a | Activate ERK1/2 | promote metastasis | [112] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | miR-21-5p | Activate PI3K/Akt/mTOR;Express VEGF | promote metastasis | [113] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | miR-1228 | Inhibit SCAI | promote metastasis | [64] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | miR-221-3p | Activate JAK2/STAT3 | promote metastasis | [67] | |
OS | Serum | miR-25-3p | Not mentioned | promote metastasis | [114] | |
LPS | Plasma | miR-92a-3p and miR-25-3p | Activate TLR7/8 and NF-κB | promote metastasis | [115] | |
RMS | Serum | miR-486-5p | Mediate PAX3-FOXO1 | promote metastasis | [116] | |
lncRNA | CS | Serum | lncRNA RAMP2-AS1 | Competitively bind miR-2355-5p | promote metastasis | [46,115] |
OS | Cell culture fluid | lncRNA Linc00852 | Upregulate AXL | promote metastasis | [117] | |
OS | Slasma | lncRNA CASC15 | Upregulate RAB14 | promote metastasis | [118] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | lncRNA PVT1 | Upregulate ERG | promote metastasis | [119] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | lncRNA SNHG17 | Downregulate MMP2 | promote metastasis | [69] | |
OS | Cell culture fluid | lncRNA LIFR-AS1 | Downregulate NFIA | promote metastasis | [120] |
Strategy | Sarcoma | Experiment | Mechanism | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inhibiting exosome release | OS | In vitro | Inhibit LncRNA SNHG17 | [69] |
OS | In vitro | Inhibit miR-769-5p | [111] | |
LPS | In vitro | Inhibit miR-25-3p and miR-92a-3p | [115] | |
Blocking exosome interactions with recipient cells | OS | In vivo | Block IL-6 or TGF-β | [132] |
OS | In vivo and in vitro | Block the uPA/uPAR axis | [133] | |
OS | In vitro | Block Hedgehog signaling | [104] | |
OS | In vivo and in vitro | Block the Rab22a-NeoF1/PYK2 axis | [107] | |
OS | In vitro | Block the miR-2861 axis | [69] | |
OS | In vitro | Block the miR-1307/AGAP1axis | [110] | |
OS | In vitro | Block the miR-1228/SCAI axis | [64] | |
Harnessing exosomes as delivery systems to treat metastatic sarcoma | OS | In vivo and in vitro | miR-101 | [134] |
OS | In vitro | miR-143 | [135] | |
OS | In vivo and in vitro | miR-150 | [136] | |
OS | In vitro | miR-1913 | [137] | |
OS | In vitro | miR-15a | [138] |
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Tan, L.; Wang, Y.; Hu, X.; Min, L. The Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis of Sarcoma: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13030456
Tan L, Wang Y, Hu X, Min L. The Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis of Sarcoma: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules. 2023; 13(3):456. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13030456
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Linyun, Yitian Wang, Xin Hu, and Li Min. 2023. "The Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis of Sarcoma: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets" Biomolecules 13, no. 3: 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13030456
APA StyleTan, L., Wang, Y., Hu, X., & Min, L. (2023). The Roles of Exosomes in Metastasis of Sarcoma: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules, 13(3), 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13030456