Evidence of Horse Exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leishmania infantum in Greece through the Detection of IgG Antibodies in Serum and in an Alternative Diagnostic Sample—The Saliva
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Serum and Saliva Sampling
2.3. IFAT in Serum and Saliva Samples
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogen | Serum | Saliva | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cut-Off | ||||
1/10 | 1/20 | 1/40 | ||
A. phagocytophilum | 45/317 (14.20%) a | 35/317 (11.04%) a,b | 30/317 (9.46%) a,b | 23/317 (7.23%) b |
B. burgdorferi | 48/317 (15.14%) a | 34/317 (10.73%) a.b | 31/317 (9.78%) b | 27/317 (8.25%) b |
L. infantum | 4/317 (1.26%) a | 4/317 (1.26%) a | 2/317 (0.63%) a | 1/317 (0.32%) a |
A. phagocytophilum + B. burgdorferi | 6/317 (1.89%) a | 4/317 (1.26%) a | 2/317 (0.63%) a | 1/317 (0.32%) a |
A. phagocytophilum + L. infantum | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
B. burgdorferi + L. infantum | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
A. phagocytophilum + B. burgdorferi + L. infantum | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Age Group Seropositive N * (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Pathogen | ≤3 Years Old | 3–12 Years Old | ≥12 Years Old |
A. phagocytophilum | 3 (6.7%) a | 25 (12.0%) a | 17 (26.6%) b |
B. burgdorferi | 2 (4.4%) a | 26 (12.5%) a | 20 (31.3%) b |
L. infantum | 0 (0%) a | 2 (1.0%) a | 2 (3.1%) a |
A. phagocytophilum + B. burgdorferi | 0 (0%) a,b | 2 (1.0%) a | 4 (6.3%) b |
A. phagocytophilum + L. infantum | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
B. burgdorferi + L. infantum | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
A. phagocytophilum + B. burgdorferi + L. infantum | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
(a) | |||
A. phagocytophilum | B. burgdorferi | L. infantum | |
Sens. % (95% CI) | 75.56 (60.46–87.12) | 70.83 (55.94–83.05) | 75.00 (19.41–99.37) |
Spec. % (95% CI) | 99.63 (97.97–99.99) | 100.00 (98.64–100.00) | 99.68 (98.23–99.99) |
PLR (95% CI) | 205.51 (28.85–1464.02) | - | 234.75 (30.62–1800.00) |
NLR (95% CI) | 0.25 (0.15–0.41) | 0.29 (0.19–0.45) | 0.25 (0.05–1.37) |
(b) | |||
A. phagocytophilum | B. burgdorferi | L. infantum | |
Sens. % (95% CI) | 64.44% (48.78–78.13) | 64.58% (49.46–77.84) | 50.00 (6.76–93.24) |
Spec. % (95% CI) | 99.63 (97.97–99.99) | 100.00 (98.64–100.00) | 100.00 (98.83–100.00) |
PLR (95% CI) | 175.29 (24.48–1254.92) | - | - |
NLR (95% CI) | 0.36 (0.24–0.53) | 0.35 (0.24–0.52) | 0.50 (0.19–1.33) |
(c) | |||
A. phagocytophilum | B. burgdorferi | L. infantum | |
Sens. % (95% CI) | 51.11% (35.77–66.30) | 56.25% (41.18–70.52) | 25.00 (0.63–80.59) |
Spec. % (95% CI) | 100.00 (98.65–100.00) | 100.00 (98.64–100.00) | 100.00 (98.83–100.00) |
PLR (95% CI) | - | - | - |
NLR (95% CI) | 0.49 (0.36–0.66) | 0.44 (0.32–0.60) | 0.75 (0.43–1.32) |
Cut-Off | κ Value (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pathogen | 1/10 | 1/20 | 1/40 | |
A. phagocytophilum | 0.829 (0.735–0.923) | 0.744 (0.630–0.859) | 0.642 (0.507–0.777) | |
B. burgdorferi | 0.805 (0.707–0.903) | 0.756 (0.646–0.865) | 0.686 (0.562–0.809) | |
L. infantum | 0.747 (0.408–1.000) | 0.664 (0.226–1.000) | 0.397 (−0.145–0.939) |
A. phagocytophilum | B. burgdorferi | L. infantum | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cut-Off Value | 1/10 | 1/20 | 1/40 | 1/10 | 1/20 | 1/40 | 1/10 | 1/20 | 1/40 |
TP | 34 | 29 | 23 | 34 | 31 | 27 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
FP | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
TN | 271 | 271 | 272 | 269 | 269 | 269 | 312 | 313 | 313 |
FN | 11 | 16 | 22 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
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Athanasiou, L.V.; Katsogiannou, E.G.; Tyrnenopoulou, P.; Gougoulis, D.; Apostolidis, K.N.; Papadakis, S.M.; Kokkinaki, K.C.G.; Papatsiros, V.G.; Tsokana, C.N. Evidence of Horse Exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leishmania infantum in Greece through the Detection of IgG Antibodies in Serum and in an Alternative Diagnostic Sample—The Saliva. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13091374
Athanasiou LV, Katsogiannou EG, Tyrnenopoulou P, Gougoulis D, Apostolidis KN, Papadakis SM, Kokkinaki KCG, Papatsiros VG, Tsokana CN. Evidence of Horse Exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leishmania infantum in Greece through the Detection of IgG Antibodies in Serum and in an Alternative Diagnostic Sample—The Saliva. Biomolecules. 2023; 13(9):1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13091374
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthanasiou, Labrini V., Eleni G. Katsogiannou, Panagiota Tyrnenopoulou, Dimitrios Gougoulis, Kosmas N. Apostolidis, Stavros M. Papadakis, Kassiopi Christina G. Kokkinaki, Vasileios G. Papatsiros, and Constantina N. Tsokana. 2023. "Evidence of Horse Exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leishmania infantum in Greece through the Detection of IgG Antibodies in Serum and in an Alternative Diagnostic Sample—The Saliva" Biomolecules 13, no. 9: 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13091374