Impact of Polyphenols on Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Factors in Diabetes Mellitus: Nutritional Antioxidants and Their Application in Improving Antidiabetic Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Damaging Effects Mediated by Oxygen Free Radicals
2.1. Oxidative Damages of DNA
2.2. Lipid Peroxidation
2.3. Oxidations of Proteins
3. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aetiology of Diabetes Mellitus
Enzymatic Antioxidant Defence System
4. Polyphenols as Nutritional Antioxidants
5. Polyphenols Present in the Diet and Incidence of Various Diseases
6. Metabolism of Polyphenols:
6.1. Mechanisms of Antidiabetic Activity of Phenolics
6.2. Animal Studies on AntidiabeticEffects of Polyphenols
6.3. Human Studies on Antidiabetic Effects of Polyphenols
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Investigated Phenolic Compounds and Their Origin | Experimental Design | Revealed Antidiabetic Activities | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Animal Model Studies In Vitro and In Vivo | |||
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) Calss: Stilbenoid | C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice fed with a normal diet with RV (0.005% and 0.02%, w/w) or rosiglitazone (0.001%, w/w) for 6 weeks | ↓blood glucose ↓plasma free fatty acid and triglyceride, ↓apo B/apo AI levels ↓HbA1c levels ↓hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme activity and hepatic glycogen ↓hepatic triglyceride content and p-IKK protein expression ↑plasma insulin levels ↑pancreatic insulin protein ↑skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein ↑plasma adiponectin levels ↑hepatic glycolytic gene expression and enzyme activity ↑skeletal muscle glycogen synthase protein expression ↑hepatic UCP and skeletal muscle UCP expression | [162] |
db/db and db/dm mice (non-diabetic control) were treated with or without RV (20 mg/kg BW daily) for 12 weeks | ↑glucose tolerance at 2 h of OGTT in db/db mice ↑pancreas weight and β-cell mass ↓urinary 8-OHdG levels ↓percentage of islet nuclei that were positive for 8-OHdG immunostaining | [163] | |
Curcumin (1E,6E)-1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione) Class: Curcuminoid | diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet plus STZ (30 mg/kg BW) were fed a diet containing 50, 150, or 250 mg/kg BW curcumin for 7 wks | ↓plasma lipids and glucose ↓glucose and insulin tolerance ↓pyruvate dehydrogenase 4 and GS expression ↑2-deoxy-[(3)H]d-glucose uptake by L6 myotubes ↑phosphorylated AMPK, CD36, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 expression ↑phosphorylated acetyl COA carboxylase in L6 myotubes | [164] |
male C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice and their age-matched lean non-diabetic db/+ mice, fed with or without curcumin (0.02%, w/w) for 6 weeks | ↓blood glucose and HbA 1c levels, as well as body weight loss ↓glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities ↓hepatic activities of fatty acid synthase, beta-oxidation, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme reductase, and acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase ↓plasma free fatty acid, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations ↑homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and glucose tolerance ↑plasma insulin level ↑hepatic glucokinase activity ↑hepatic glycogen and skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase | [165] | |
male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal diet or HFD.After 16 weeks, 10 HFD-fed mice were further treated with daily curcumin oral gavage (50 mg/kg BW) | ↓glucose intolerance ↓HFD-induced elevations of MDA and ROS in the skeletal muscle ↑skeletal muscle content of Nrf2 and oxygenase-1 | [166] | |
db/db livers of 15-week-old mice treated with 0.75% curcumin mixed in their diet for 8 weeks | ↑expression of AMPK and PPARγ ↓NF-κB protein levels | [167] | |
Green tea polyphenols (mixture) | SpragueDawley rats fed with standard chow and deionized distilled water and a “green tea” group fed the same chow diet but with green tea instead of water (0.5 g of lyophilized green tea powder dissolved in 100 mL of deionized distilled water) for 12 weeks | ↓fasting plasma levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and free fatty acids ↑insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin binding; adipocytes were significantly increased ↑basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake of adipocytes in vitro | [168] |
C57BLKS/J db+/db+ mice and age-matched control C57BLKS/J +m/+m mice. Male ddY mice were singly injected with STZ (150 mg/kg, i.v.)and 4–6 weeks after the injection the samples were analyzed.The age-matched normal ddY mice were also used | ↓blood glucose levels in diabetic db+/db+ mice and streptozotocin-diabetic mice 2–6 h after administration at 300 mg/kg | [169] | |
Epigallocatechin gallate ((EGCG), (2R,3R)-3′,4′,5,5′,7-Pentahydroxyflavan-3-yl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) Class: Catechin | maleC57BL/KsJ mice aged 6 weeks induced with multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLD-STZ, (40 mg/kg BW). EGCG (100 mg/kg/day) was administered with STZ for 5 days and then EGCG alone was administered for a further 5 days | ↓blood glucose levels ↓iNOS expression ex vivo ↓decrease in islet mass induced by MLD-STZ | [170] |
Epigallocatechin gallate continued | C57BL/6 male mice (6 weeks old) were fed with ND, HFD, or HFD with EGCG supplementation for 12 weeks. EGCG (50 mg/kg daily) was administered by gavage for 9–12 weeks | Inhibition of Caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion in mice bone marrow by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation Inhibition of NLRP3-mediated ASC speckle formation and alleviated pyroptosis in BMDMs Improved high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced glucose tolerance | [171] |
male albino Wistar rats induced with by a single i.p. injection of 60mg/kg−1STZ received EGCG 25mg/kg/day for 8 weeks 1 week after the induction of diabetes | Hypoglycaemic effect in diabetic rats Improved serum lipid profile Attenuation of increased MDA content and reduced activity of SOD in liver. | [172] | |
Rutin (3′,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]flavones) Class: Flavonoid glycoside | adult male SpragueDawley rats injected withSTZ i.p. (55mg/kg BW) after induction ofdiabetic neuropathy.Rutin (5mg/kg, 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg BW) was daily given to the diabetic rats for 2 weeks | Inhibition of mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, and coldallodynia ↑Na+, K+-ATPase activities insciatic nerves ↑hydrogen sulfide(H2S) level, upregulated expression of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in DRG ↓caspase-3 expression indorsal root ganglions ↓plasma glucose, attenuatedoxidative stress,andneuroinflammation Partial restoration ofnerve conductionvelocities in diabetic rats | [173] |
male albino Wistar rats induced with i.p. injection of STZ (50 mg/kg BW).Rutin (25, 50, 100 mg/kg BW) was orally administered to normal and diabetic rats (1 mL/rat) using an intragastric tube for a period of 45 days | ↑fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and lipid hydroperoxides ↓blood insulin, C-peptide, total haemoglobin, protein levels, non-enzymic antioxidants: glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, and ceruloplasmin | [174] | |
Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone) Class: Falvonoid | Male adult albino Wistar rats induced by a single injection of STZ (45 mg/kg, i.p.). Diabetic rats were orally treated with sitagliptin (70 mg/kg BW), quercetin (50 mg/kg BW), or a combination of these daily for 3 weeks | ↑increased SOD, GSH ↓NF-κB expression Normalized Islet number, β-cells’ number, area, and perimeter alongside the restoration of the immunostaining intensity of β-cells. | [175] |
Human studies | |||
Green tea polyphenols (mixture) | A total of 17 trials comprising a total of 1133 subjects were included in the current meta-analysis | ↓fasting blood glucose ↓Hb A1c ↓fasting blood insulin | [188] |
Green tea catechins (mixture) | A total of 22 eligible randomized controlled trials with 1584 subjects were identified | ↓fasting blood glucose | [189] |
Green tea (mixture and extracts) | A total of six studies with 382 subjects were pooled into random-effects meta-analysis | [176] | |
Polyphenols (mixture in supplements and food) | A total of 36 controlled randomized trials with 1954 subjects were included in 28 mg to 1.5 g of polyphenol mixture, supplemented for 0.7 to 12 months | ↓HbA1c in T2DM individuals | [179] |
Polyphenols (51 different compounds in Total) | A total of 18 studies investigated the association between polyphenols and type 2 diabetes | Evidence showing that diets rich in polyphenols, and particularly flavonoids, play a role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. | [180] |
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) Calss: Stilbenoid | A total of 19 patients enrolled in the 4-week-long double-blind study were randomly assigned into two groups: an RV group receiving oral 2 × 5 mg RV and a control group receiving placebo | ↓HOMA-IR ↓urinary ortho-tyrosine excretion ↑pAkt:Akt ratio in platelets | [181] |
Ten subjects with T2DM were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive 3 g RV or placebo daily for 12 weeks | ↑SIRT1 expression ↑pAMPK to AMPK expression ratio ↓average daily activity ↓step counts | [182] | |
A total of 11 healthy and obese men received placebo and 150 mg/day RV in a randomized double-blind crossover study for 30 days | ↓sleeping and resting metabolic rate ↓intrahepatic lipid content ↓circulating glucose, triglycerides, and alanine-aminotransferase ↓inflammation markers ↓systolic blood presure ↑AMPK activity ↑SIRT1 and PGC-1α protein levels ↑citrate synthase activity ↑intramyocellular lipid levels Improved muscle mitochondrial respiration on a fatty acid-derived substrate and HOMA-IR index | [183] | |
Resveratrol continued | double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, with192 T2DM patients randomized to receive RV 500mg/day, 40mg/day, or placebo for 6months | [184] | |
Curcumin (1E,6E)-1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione) Class: Curcuminoid | Plasma samples from 29 participants recruited for a randomised controlled trial with curcumin (180 mg/day) for 12 weeks were analysed | ↓Levels of circulating GSK-3β and IAPP ↓insulin resistance | [190] |
Curcumin + Zinc | A total of 84 subjects were randomized into curcumin (500 mg), zinc (30 mg), zinc and curcumin, and placebo groups for 90 days | ↓BMI Improved fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, blood insulin, and HOMA-IR | [186] |
Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone) Class: Falvonoid | A total of nine studies of 781 participants involved in meta-analysis | ↓fasting blood glucose in studies with a duration of ≥8 weeks ↓insulin concentrations in studies that enrolled individuals aged <45 years | [187] |
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Krawczyk, M.; Burzynska-Pedziwiatr, I.; Wozniak, L.A.; Bukowiecka-Matusiak, M. Impact of Polyphenols on Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Factors in Diabetes Mellitus: Nutritional Antioxidants and Their Application in Improving Antidiabetic Therapy. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13091402
Krawczyk M, Burzynska-Pedziwiatr I, Wozniak LA, Bukowiecka-Matusiak M. Impact of Polyphenols on Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Factors in Diabetes Mellitus: Nutritional Antioxidants and Their Application in Improving Antidiabetic Therapy. Biomolecules. 2023; 13(9):1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13091402
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrawczyk, Michal, Izabela Burzynska-Pedziwiatr, Lucyna A. Wozniak, and Malgorzata Bukowiecka-Matusiak. 2023. "Impact of Polyphenols on Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Factors in Diabetes Mellitus: Nutritional Antioxidants and Their Application in Improving Antidiabetic Therapy" Biomolecules 13, no. 9: 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13091402