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Article

Characterization of NAC Gene Family in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Functional Analysis of AmNAC24, an Osmotic and Cold-Stress-Induced NAC Gene

by
Tashi Dorjee
1,2,3,
Yican Cui
1,2,3,
Yuxin Zhang
1,2,3,
Qi Liu
1,2,3,
Xuting Li
1,2,3,
Batu Sumbur
1,2,3,
Hongxi Yan
1,2,3,
Jie Bing
4,
Yuke Geng
1,2,3,
Yijun Zhou
1,2,3,* and
Fei Gao
1,2,3,*
1
Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
2
Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
3
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
4
College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100080, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomolecules 2024, 14(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14020182
Submission received: 27 December 2023 / Revised: 31 January 2024 / Accepted: 1 February 2024 / Published: 2 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The NAC family of transcription factors (TFs) is recognized as a significant group within the plant kingdom, contributing crucially to managing growth and development processes in plants, as well as to their response and adaptation to various environmental stressors. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a temperate evergreen shrub renowned for its remarkable resilience to low temperatures and drought stress, presents an ideal subject for investigating the potential involvement of NAC TFs in stress response mechanisms. Here, the structure, evolution, and expression profiles of NAC family TFs were analyzed systematically, and a cold and osmotic stress-induced member, AmNAC24, was selected and functionally characterized. A total of 86 NAC genes were identified in A. mongolicus, and these were divided into 15 groups. Up to 48 and 8 NAC genes were generated by segmental duplication and tandem duplication, respectively, indicating that segmental duplication is a predominant mechanism in the expansion of the NAC gene family in A. mongolicus. A considerable amount of NAC genes, including AmNAC24, exhibited upregulation in response to cold and osmotic stress. This observation is in line with the detection of numerous cis-acting elements linked to abiotic stress response in the promoters of A. mongolicus NAC genes. Subcellular localization revealed the nuclear residence of the AmNAC24 protein, coupled with demonstrable transcriptional activation activity. AmNAC24 overexpression enhanced the tolerance of cold and osmotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana, possibly by maintaining ROS homeostasis. The present study provided essential data for understanding the biological functions of NAC TFs in plants.

1. Introduction

The maintenance of plant growth and productivity is profoundly influenced by environmental factors, with abiotic stresses such as drought, extreme temperatures, and high salinity posing significant threats to plant development and agricultural yields globally [1,2]. In response to these challenging environmental conditions, plants have evolved intricate physiological and molecular adaptation mechanisms. Plants first sense a stress signal and then transduce the stress signal to the cells through signal transduction, activating transcription factors (TFs) and further promoting the expression of stress response genes to alleviate the damage caused by stress and rebuild homeostasis under stress [3,4]. Throughout this intricate process, TFs regulate the expression of downstream genes by specifically binding to cis-acting elements in the promoters of downstream genes, playing central roles in the plant abiotic stress response [5,6].
Currently, numerous TF families have been identified as key players in the intricate regulation of plant stress responses, including NAC [7,8], WRKY [9], and MYB [10]. NAC proteins constitute a widespread TF class in diverse plant species and are named after three prototypical proteins—no apical meristem (NAM), ATAF1-2, and CUC2 (cup-shaped cotyledon)—that all feature a conserved DNA-binding domain [11,12]. The primary structure of NAC TF includes a highly conserved N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal transcriptional regulatory domain. The N-terminal DNA-binding domain contains approximately 150–160 amino acid residues, forming a specific three-dimensional structure that can recognize and bind specific DNA sequences in the promoters of the target gene [13]. The C-terminus transcriptional regulatory domain has transcriptional activation or inhibition functions, with significant sequence variations in different NAC proteins, allowing NAC family members to regulate the expression of target genes through different mechanisms. The N-terminal DNA-binding domains can be further divided into five types, A to E, which play pivotal roles in nuclear localization, DNA elements, and functional dimer formation.
NAC family TFs have been found to play a wide range of regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and environmental stress response [14]. The overexpression of VuNAC1 and VuNAC2 has been shown to stimulate germination and enhance growth in Vigna unguiculata [15]. ClNAC68 was reported to regulate seed development in watermelon by repressing ClGH3.6, a key component of growth factor signaling [16]. Accumulating evidence suggests that NAC TFs are involved in plant abiotic stress responses. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ANAC019, ANAC055, and ANAC072 have been implicated in responding to high salinity and drought stress [17]. The overexpression of OsNAC5, OsNAC6, OsNAC9, and OsNAC10 genes has been shown to significantly improve rice tolerance to drought stress and enhance low-temperature tolerance in rice seedlings [18,19,20,21]. Furthermore, the overexpression of specific NAC TFs has been observed to heighten tolerance to abiotic stress in Nicotiana tabacum [22], Gossypium hirsutum [23], and Medicago truncatula [24].
TF genes predominantly manifest in the form of gene families. The systematic analysis of the structure and evolution of TF gene families helps to gain a deeper understanding of their biological functions. The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing technology has ushered in a rapid expansion in the sequencing of plant genomes, thereby facilitating genome-wide investigations into the NAC gene family across various plant species. So far, the extensive identification and analysis of the NAC gene family have been conducted in a range of model plants and crop species, including A. thaliana [25], Oryza sativa [26], Vigna radiata [27], Capsicum annuum [28], and Zanthoxylum bungeanum [29]. NAC TFs may play an important role in the environmental stress tolerance of stress-tolerant wild plants, but there is currently insufficient research on the NAC genes of stress-tolerant wild plants.
A. mongolicus is a wild evergreen broad-leaved plant in Central Asia. A. mongolicus has good drought and low-temperature resistance characteristics and is an important material for studying the stress tolerance mechanism of woody plants [30]. In recent years, transcriptomics, proteomics, and other omics methods have been applied to the study of the molecular mechanism of stress tolerance in A. mongolicus [31,32,33,34]. Some stress tolerance-related genes, including AmCIP [35] and AmDREB3 [36], have been isolated and functionally studied. However, a systematic identification and characterization of the TF gene families associated with the abiotic stress of A. mongolicus are still lacking. A genome-wide analysis of the NAC gene family would help to enhance the understanding of the evolution and biological functions of NAC TFs in A. mongolicus. Although the AmNAC11 [37] and AmNTL1 [38] (a NAC gene) of A. mongolicus have been isolated and functionally studied, a comprehensive analysis and systematic identification of the entire A. mongolicus NAC (AmNAC) family has not yet been reported.
In the present study, we identified the NAC family TFs in A. mongolicus and analyzed their protein and gene structures, phylogenetic evolution, gene amplification, and gene expression patterns. AmNAC24, a cold and osmotic-stress-induced NAC gene, was selected and functionally characterized. This study provides important data for understanding the biological roles of the NAC gene family in A. mongolicus under environmental stress.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Identification and Characterization of the AmNAC TF Family

The genome data of A. mongolicus was obtained from our laboratory and the assembled genome has been deposited in GenBank under accession PRJNA1067861. The gene model of the NAC domain was obtained from the Pfam (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 22 March 2023) database with entry number PF02365. Based on the PF02365 model with a threshold of e-value ≤10−5, HMMER3.0 [39] was used to search the protein data of A. mongolicus. The NAC protein sequences of A. thaliana were obtained from PlantTFDB (http://planttfdb.gao-lab.org/, accessed on 23 March 2023) and subjected to a local BLASTp program against the A. mongolicus genome, using a threshold e-value of ≤10−5. The union of the two preliminary identification results was submitted to the Pfam, CDD (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 15 April 2023), and SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/, accessed on 15 April 2023) databases to check whether NAC candidate proteins have NAC conserved domains. The basic physicochemical properties of the AmNAC protein, including its amino acid composition, molecular weight (MW), isoelectric point (pI), and grand average of hydropathicity, were analyzed using the ProtParam (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/, accessed on 20 April 2023) tool. The subcellular localization of AmNAC proteins was predicted using the PSORT tool (https://www.genscript.com/wolfpsort.html, accessed on 22 April 2023).

2.2. Chromosomal Location of AmNAC Genes

All AmNAC genes were mapped to 9 chromosomes using TBtools v1.0 (https://github.com/CJ-Chen/TBtools, accessed on 5 May 2023) [40] based on the GFF file (genome annotation) of the A. mongolicus genome. All AmNAC genes were named according to the position of the AmNAC genes on the chromosomes, and the naming method involved sequentially numbering them from the top to the bottom along the chromosomes.

2.3. Multiple Sequence Alignment, Phylogenetic Analysis, Gene Structure, and Motif Composition

MAFFT v7 (https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/software/, accessed on 20 April 2023) [41] was used to perform multiple sequence alignment. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replicates. This phylogenetic tree was also visualized using the Evolview (https://www.evolgenius.info/, accessed on 22 April 2023) program. MEME (http://MEME-suite.org/, accessed on 25 April 2023) [42] was utilized to detect the conserved motif of the AmNAC protein with the following parameters: the maximum length of the recognition motif was 10, the minimum width of the motif was 6, and the maximum width was 50. NCBI batch CD-Search (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd, accessed on 30 April 2023) was used to obtain domain information. The 1500 bp upstream sequence of each AmNAC gene was extracted and submitted to the PlantCARE [43] program (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/PlantCARE/html/, accessed on 3 May 2023) for cis-regulatory element prediction.

2.4. Gene Duplication and Synteny Analysis of AmNACs

The protein sequence of A. mongolicus was used for self-blast alignment with e-value ≤ 1 × 10−5. MCScanX v1.1.11 (https://github.com/wyp1125/MCScanX, accessed on 8 May 2023) [44] was used to obtain collinearity and tandem files, and the segmental and tandem duplication genes of AmNACs were screened from this result. The genome data of Vitis vinifera, A. thaliana, M. truncatula, and Lupinus albus were obtained from the Phytozome v13 (https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/, accessed on 10 May 2023) and NCBI (https://www.NCBI.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 10 May 2023) databases. Synteny analysis between species was performed using MCScanX v1.1.11 (https://github.com/wyp1125/MCScanX, accessed on 8 May 2023), and the synteny maps were visualized with TBtools v1.0 (https://github.com/CJ-Chen/TBtools, accessed on 11 May 2023).

2.5. Ka and Ks Calculation

The values for non-synonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitutions in duplicated AmNAC gene pairs were determined using the KaKs calculator 2.0 (https://sourceforge.net/projects/kakscalculator2/, accessed on 20 May 2023) [45]. The selection pressure on these gene pairs was inferred by estimating the ratio of Ka to Ks. The duplication time of homologous genes within the A. mongolicus NAC gene family was calculated using the formula T = Ks/2λ.

2.6. Expression Analysis of AmNAC Genes Using Transcriptome Sequencing Data

The transcriptomic data of A. mongolicus from summer to winter were collected from the NCBI database (SRR16479821–SRR16479829). TopHat v2.2.1 (http://ccb.jhu.edu/software/tophat/, accessed on 12 June 2023) [46] was applied to map the reads to the genome of A. mongolicus. The FPKM value was utilized to estimate the gene expression levels, and the heat maps representing these expression levels were generated using TBtools v1.0 (https://github.com/CJ-Chen/TBtools, accessed on 15 June 2023). Hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted via the OmicShare platform (https://www.omicshare.com/tools/, accessed on 24 May 2023).

2.7. Plant Materials and RNA Extraction

The seed samples were collected from Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The seed germination and planting conditions were based on a previous study [47]. Three-month-old A. mongolicus seedlings were used for the control check (CK), osmotic stress (OT), drought stress (DT), and cold stress (CT) treatment. For the osmotic stress treatment, 60 seedlings were irrigated with 20% PEG 6000 solution for 0 h, 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 7 d. For the drought stress treatment, 15 seedlings plants were placed under natural drought conditions for 3 weeks. For the cold stress treatment, 60 seedlings were moved to a growth chamber and cultured at 4/15 °C for 0 h, 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 7 d. Leaf samples were collected from each time-point, immediately frozen with liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until RNA extraction. Total RNA was isolated from the tissues of A. mongolicus using the Trizol reagent, adhering to the guidelines provided by the manufacturer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Subsequently, reverse transcription was performed using a FastQuant RT Kit (with gDNase) (TIANGEN, Beijing, China).

2.8. qRT-PCR Analysis

Sixteen AmNAC genes and eight genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity were selected for qRT-PCR validation. The first strand cDNA was produced by the reverse transcription of RNA from different treatment groups. Gene-specific primers and the internal control (Actin) primers were designed with primer premier 5.0 (Table S1). qRT-PCR was carried out with the protocol outlined in a former investigation [48].

2.9. Vector Construction, Arabidopsis Transformation, and Transgenic Plant Materials

The coding region of the AmNAC24 gene was isolated and ligated into vector pCAMBIA1305 using the endonuclease XbaI and BamHI. The construct was transformed into the A. tumefaciens strain GV3101, and then transformed into A. thaliana through the floral-dip method. Hygromycin (25 µg/mL) was used to screen transgenic plants. After sterilization, wild-type (WT) plants and two transgenic T2 lines were seeded on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar plates. The plants flourished in a controlled greenhouse environment, maintaining a temperature of 22 °C, a steady light intensity of 400 µmol·m−2·s−1, and following a 16/8 h (light/dark) cycle.

2.10. Subcellular Localization and Transactivation Assay of AmNAC24

The transcriptional activity of AmNAC24 was detected using a yeast expression system. The coding sequence of AmNAC24 was isolated and linked to the pGBKT7 vector. The resulting pGBKT7-AmNAC24 vector and pGBKT7 (vector control) were transferred into AH109 yeast cells, and the positive clones were screened on the media lacking tryptophan (SD/-Trp) or tryptophan and histidine (SD/-Trp/-His). Then, the positive clones were transferred to the medium with X-gal (SD/-Trp/-His/X-gal) and cultured in darkness for 3–4 days until color development. Transcriptional activation activity was evaluated based on the growth status of different transformants.

2.11. Evaluation of the Tolerance of Transgenic Arabidopsis to Osmotic Stress and Cold Stress

Seeds of WT A. thaliana and two lines of transgenic A. thaliana were germinated on MS plates. Seedlings with a similar root length (2–3 mm) were moved to MS medium supplemented with 200 mM of mannitol to simulate osmotic stress, or moved to a growth chamber and cultured at 15 °C to simulate cold stress. The root lengths of the seedling in each group were measured to evaluate the tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis to cold stress and osmotic stress.

2.12. Physiological Parameter Measurements

The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline were measured using the Solarbio MDA detection kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China) and Solarbio proline detection kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China). The activities of peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidases (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were determined in accordance with the methodologies described in a previous study [49]. Diamindbenzidine (DAB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining was conducted according to a previously described method [50].

3. Results

3.1. Identification of AmNAC Proteins in A. mongolicus and Their Physicochemical Properties and Chromosomal Locations

A total of 86 AmNAC TFs were identified and named AmNAC1-AmNAC86 based on their chromosomal location (Figure 1A). The predicted MW ranged from 10.43 to 76.84 kDa (Table S2). Notably, AmNAC6 had the longest protein sequence length (671 AA) and the largest protein molecular weight (76.84 kDa), while AmNAC40 had the shortest protein sequence length (89 AA) and the smallest protein molecular weight (10.43 kDa). The pI ranged from 4.48 (AmNAC3 and AmNAC4) to 10.53 (AmNAC21), with an average of 6.65. Among them, there were 55 acidic proteins and 31 alkaline proteins. The values of the grand average of hydropathicity indicate that all AmNAC genes are hydrophobic. Subcellular localization predictions showed that 91.86% of AmNAC members were localized to the nucleus.
All nine chromosomes of A. mongolicus contained NAC genes (Figure 1A). Among them, Chr 5 had the highest number of NAC genes distributed, reaching 12 and accounting for 14% of the total number of NAC genes (Figure 1B), while Chr 8 had the lowest number of NAC genes, with only 5.

3.2. Multiple Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis of the AmNACs

To investigate the sequence characteristics of the conserved regions of AmNAC proteins, multiple sequence alignment was performed on all the NAC proteins. Most of the N-terminals of AmNAC proteins have five conserved motifs, i.e., motif A~motif E (Figure S1). However, certain NAC members do not contain all five motifs; for example, AmNAC3 and AmNAC4 only contain motif A and B, AmNAC2 lacks motif A, and AmNAC33 lacks motif D and E. Some AmNAC proteins have an incomplete motif; for example, AmNAC2, AmNAC3, and AmNAC4 proteins have an incomplete motif B, and AmNAC46 and AmNAC73 proteins have an incomplete motif C. The variation in motif distribution reflects the functional diversity of the AmNAC family members in A. mongolicus.
To investigate the evolutionary relationships of AmNAC gene families, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the sequences of 86 NACs in A. mongolicus and 105 NACs in A. thaliana. Based on the annotation of A. thaliana NAC proteins, all AmNAC proteins were divided into 15 groups (Figure 2). Among the 15 groups, the NAM subfamily was the largest, containing 11 members, followed by group OsNAC7 and group ONAC003, with 9 members each. The OsNAC8 group is the smallest group, containing only one AmNAC member.

3.3. Analysis of AmNAC Gene Structure and Motif

To investigate the gene structure diversity of AmNAC family genes, the conserved motifs and intron distributions were analyzed. In total, 10 conserved motifs (Figure S2A) were identified within the AmNAC family and most of the members contained motif 1, motif 2, motif 3, motif 4, and motif 6 at the N-terminal (Figure S2B). Specific protein motifs were exclusive to certain subfamilies. For example, motif 7 and motif 8 only exist in the AmNAC011 subfamily, and motif 9 only exists in the NAM and ATAF subfamilies (Figure S2B). The intron distribution of the sequences of the AmNAC family genes showed that 86 AmNAC genes contained 1 to 8 introns with varying numbers (Figure S2C). AmNAC65, which has the largest number of introns, has eight introns, while AmNAC3 and AmNAC4 have only one intron.

3.4. Cis-Acting Element Present in Promoters of the AmNAC Family Genes

To investigate the potential expression patterns of AmNAC genes, cis-acting elements were predicted for the 1500 bp sequence upstream of the AmNAC genes. Forty-nine distinct cis-elements were identified, falling into four distinct categories: light responsive, phytohormone responsive, stress responsive, and plant growth and development related (Figure 3). Among the four categories, light-responsive cis-acting elements are the most abundant, with 26 cis-acting elements; this is followed by phytohormone-responsive cis-acting elements, with 11 cis-acting elements. In the category of light responsiveness, Box 4 emerged as the predominant element, with G-box being the subsequent major component. In the category of phytohormone responsiveness, the TGACG motif and CGTCA motif associated with elements responsive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were the most abundant, followed by the TCA motif associated with auxin-responsive elements. The cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development were mainly dominated by the O2-site and CAT-box related to zein metabolism regulation and meristem expression (Figure 3). In the category of stress responsiveness, the ARE element was the most abundant, followed by TC-rich repeats, MBS, and LTR, which are associated with defense and stress responsiveness, drought-inducibility and low-temperature responsiveness. The presence of these cis-acting elements highlighted the possible roles of AmNAC genes in plant growth, development and response to environmental stress.

3.5. Gene Family Evolution and Comparative Genomic Analysis

To investigate the mechanism of gene amplification in the NAC gene family of A. mongolicus, the synteny of AmNAC genes was analyzed. In total, 38 paralogous gene pairs were identified among 86 AmNACs, containing 54 AmNAC genes. All identified gene pairs were generated by segmental duplication or tandem duplication events occurring in the evolution of the A. mongolicus genome. Predominantly, the amplification events were attributed to segmental duplication (46 genes), while a smaller subset resulted from tandem duplication (8 genes) (Figure 1A). The segmentally duplicated AmNAC genes were distributed on every chromosome, with the highest number on chromosome 2, containing 11 AmNAC genes, and the lowest quantity on chromosomes 3 and 4, with only 3 genes each (Figure 4). The tandemly duplicated NAC genes were distributed in chr1, 3, 7, and 9 (Figure 1A).
The Ka/Ks metric serves as a tool for identifying selection pressures in gene duplication events. The analysis of all 38 duplicated gene pairs revealed Ka/Ks ratios consistently < 1 (Table S3), indicating a prevailing trend of gradual evolution among most AmNAC genes. This observation suggests that these genes likely underwent purifying selection throughout their evolutionary trajectory. The KaKs values for all segmental repeat pairs varied between 0.05 and 0.42, averaging at 0.20, while those for tandem repeat gene pairs fluctuated between 0.13 and 0.63, with an average of 0.41. The Ks values were further used to estimate the divergence time of the 38 duplication gene pairs, which ranged from 0.1–1.4 million years ago (Mya). The oldest gene duplication event occurred at approximately 1.41 Mya in a segmental duplication gene pair (AmNAC1–AmNAC36), and the most recent gene duplication event occurred at 0.06 Mya in a tandem duplication gene pair (AmNAC5–AmNAC6).
To identify the evolutionary relationships of AmNAC genes among different plant species, synteny analyses were performed between A. mongolicus and V. vinifera, A. thaliana, M. truncatula, and L. albus. In total, 76, 49, 71, and 73 AmNAC orthologs were identified in A. mongolicus vs. V. vinifera, A. mongolicus vs. A. thaliana, A. mongolicus vs. M. truncatula, and A. mongolicus vs. L. albus, respectively (Figure S3).

3.6. Expression Patterns of A. mongolicus AmNAC Genes from Summer to Winter

To investigate the expression patterns of AmNAC genes from summer to winter, the transcription levels of AmNAC genes in different seasons were analyzed based on transcriptome data. Compared to summer, seven AmNAC genes exhibited significantly increased expression in autumn, while six showed significant decreases. Compared to summer, nine AmNAC genes demonstrated significantly increased expression in winter, whereas five exhibited significant decreases (Figure 5A).
The expression trend of AmNAC genes from summer to winter were further elucidated through cluster analysis. The expression trends of the 62 AmNAC genes from summer to winter were classified into five clusters: I, II, III, IV, and V (Figure 5B). Cluster I, containing 32 AmNAC genes including AmNAC24, AmNAC51, and AmNAC81, demonstrated a gradual increase in expression from summer to winter. In contrast, cluster II, containing 11 AmNAC genes including AmNAC1, AmNAC55, and AmNAC71, displayed a gradual decrease in expression. The expression levels of the 12 genes in Cluster III decreased in summer and autumn, but no significant difference was detected between autumn and winter.

3.7. Expression Patterns of AmNAC Genes under Osmotic and Cold Stresses

To determine the expression patterns of AmNAC genes under osmotic and cold stresses, the expression patterns of 16 randomly selected AmNAC genes under osmotic and cold stress were analyzed by qRT-PCR (Figure 6). Among the 16 AmNAC genes, 5 exhibited significant upregulation in response to osmotic stress, including AmNAC1 and AmNAC7, and 2 genes displayed significant downregulation under osmotic stress, including AmNAC33 and AmNAC36; 14 genes were significantly upregulated under cold stress, including AmNAC24 and AmNAC81, while no AmNAC genes were significantly downregulated under cold stress. It is worth noting that a total of seven AmNAC genes were upregulated under both osmotic stress and cold stress, including AmNAC24, AmNAC37, and AmNAC57.

3.8. Subcellular Localization and Transcriptional Activation Activity of AmNAC24 Protein

The AmNAC24 gene is expressed in roots, stems, and leaves (Figure 7A). To determine the subcellular localization of AmNAC24, the coding sequence of the AmNAC24 gene was fused to GFP and transiently expressed in tobacco. It was found that the GFP fluorescent signals diffused in tobacco cells, and that the green fluorescent signal of the fused AmNAC24-GFP was only observed in the nucleus of tobacco cells (Figure 7B), indicating that AmNAC24 is a nuclear-localized protein. To determine the transcriptional activation activity of the AmNAC24 protein, yeast cells were transformed with the fusion construct pGBKT7-AmNAC24, pGBKT7 (negative control), and pGBKT7-p53 (positive control). Yeast cells containing pGBKT7-AmNAC24 or pGBKT7-p53 grew well in SD/-Trp/-His/x-α-gal medium, while yeast cells containing the negative control pGBKT7 did not grow (Figure 7C), indicating that AmNAC24 has transcriptional activation activity in yeast.

3.9. Overexpression of AmNAC24 Gene Enhanced the Tolerance of A. thaliana to Osmotic Stress

To investigate the function of AmNAC24 in the tolerance of plants to osmotic stress, the AmNAC24 gene was introduced into A. thaliana, and the phenotypic differences between the WT plants and the two transgenic lines (AmNAC24 OE1 and AmNAC24 OE2) were observed under osmotic stress conditions (20% PEG 6000/22 °C). Seedlings of the WT plants and the two transgenic lines showed a similar growth performance under normal conditions (Figure 8A). Under osmotic stress, the WT plants and transgenic lines (OE1 and OE2) grew slower than the seedlings grown under normal conditions (Figure 8B). However, the measurements of the root and hypocotyl length indicated that the A. thaliana seedlings of two AmNAC24-overexpressing lines exhibited better growth than that of the WT plants (Figure 8C,D). We also conducted drought tolerance experiments using 2-month-old Arabidopsis plants. Transgenic lines overexpressing AmNAC24 exhibited superior growth compared to WT plants when subjected to natural drought conditions (Figure 8E). Transgenic plants exhibited a notably reduced MDA content compared to WT plants when subjected to drought stress. Conversely, there was no statistically significant disparity between WT and transgenic plants under normal conditions (Figure 8F). Compared with the WT plants, the analysis of the leaf proline content revealed a significantly higher accumulation of proline in the OE plants under drought conditions (Figure 8G).

3.10. Overexpression of AmNAC24 Gene Enhanced the Tolerance of A. thaliana to Cold Stress

To investigate the function of AmNAC24 in the tolerance of plants to cold stress, the phenotypic differences between the WT plants and the two transgenic lines (AmNAC24 OE1 and AmNAC24 OE2) were observed at the normal culturing temperature (22 °C) and under cold stress (15 °C). At the normal culturing temperature (22 °C), plants of the WT and the two transgenic lines showed similar growth performance (Figure 9A). Under cold stress, the WT plants and transgenic lines (OE1 and OE2) grew more slowly than the seedlings grown at the normal culturing temperature (Figure 9B). However, roots and hypocotyls were longer in transgenic lines (OE1 and OE2) compared to WT plants under cold stress (Figure 9C,D). We also conducted low-temperature tolerance experiments using 1-month-old Arabidopsis plants. After cold treatment, the leaves of the WT plants displayed conspicuous wilting, whereas the frost resistance of the two transgenic lines was significantly improved, and their leaves did not exhibit noticeable wilting (Figure 9E). The MDA and proline contents increased in both overexpressed plants and WT plants. Notably, the MDA content in transgenic Arabidopsis leaves was significantly lower than in the WT, while the proline content in the transgenic Arabidopsis leaves was significantly higher (Figure 9F,G).

3.11. Arabidopsis Seedlings Overexpressing AmNAC24 Inhibit Excessive ROS Elevation by Activating Antioxidant Enzymes under Stress

After the osmotic stress and cold stress treatments, the staining intensity of DAB and NBT in the leaves of the two AmNAC24 overexpression lines and WT plants was increased, indicating that more ROS accumulated in the leaves. However, compared with the WT plants, the two AmNAC24 overexpression lines exhibited lighter staining (Figure 10A,B).
The activities of the enzymes SOD, POD, CAT, and APX, which are involved in ROS scavenging, were analyzed. Under normal growth conditions, there was no significant difference in the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX between the WT plants and the two AmNAC24-OE lines (Figure 10C–F). After the osmotic and cold stress treatments, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX in the AmNAC24-OE1, AmNAC24-OE2, and WT plants were significantly increased (Figure 10C–F). However, compared to the WT plants, the increase in enzyme activity of the AmNAC24-OE1 and AmNAC24-OE2 lines was significantly higher, and the expression of genes related to ROS activity was significantly up-regulated (Figure 10G). Taken together, these results indicate that transgenic plants overexpressing the AmNAC24 gene may control excessive ROS elevation by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

4. Discussion

The uplift of the Himalayas stands as one of the most remarkable geological events in Earth’s history, exerting a profound influence on the climate and ecosystem of the Asian continent [51]. This geological transformation not only altered the climate patterns within the affected regions, but also compelled local plant populations to evolve distinct adaptation mechanisms to navigate increasingly arid and cold environmental conditions [52]. A. mongolicus, predominantly thriving in arid and semi-arid regions across Asia, exemplifies a species tailored to this climatic evolution. The harsh environment has propelled the evolutionary trajectory of A. mongolicus, leading to the acquisition of significant traits such as drought and cold resistance [53]. Studies have demonstrated the remarkable cold and drought tolerance of A. mongolicus, showcasing its adaptability to desert environments [54,55]. NAC proteins, a class of plant-specific TFs, are crucial for plant adaptation to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses [56]. Despite extensive investigations on the NAC gene family in model species like rice [26], Arabidopsis [25], and tobacco [57] owing to advancements in genome sequencing technology, research on this gene family in non-model species, particularly desert plants, remains inadequate. This study systematically examines the structure and evolutionary characteristics of the NAC gene family in A. mongolicus, shedding light on AmNAC24 as a potential candidate gene involved in osmotic and cold stress responses through functional analysis.
The quantity of NAC family members within a specific plant species not only correlates with the size of the genome of the species, but also reflects the enduring impact of long-term plant evolution. Here, 86 NAC proteins were identified in A. mongolicus. Compared with the genomes of other species, the count of NAC genes in other species such as M. sativa [58], Glycine max [59], Dendrobium officinale [60], and Zanthoxylum bungeanum [29] stands at 421, 269, 111, and 109, respectively. A. mongolicus exhibits a relatively modest count of NAC family members compared to these plants, potentially indicative of evolutionary adaptations in distinct species amid varying habitat conditions. Whole-genome duplication stands as the principal driving force in plant genome evolution, prominently manifesting through segmental and tandem duplications within gene families [61]. The identification of 34 pairs of segmental duplications and 4 pairs of tandem duplications in A. mongolicus emphasizes that segmental duplication is the principal evolutionary force shaping the AmNAC family. This phenomenon has been documented in studies exploring NAC families of Isatis indigotica [62], Panicum miliaceum [63], and Capsicum annuum [28]. Analysis based on KaKs calculations reveals that all duplicate gene pairs evolved under purifying selection, indicating that A. mongolicus has become well adapted to extreme environments of cold and drought through long-term evolution.
Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmNACs are divided into 15 groups, which is like the NAC family in Isatis indigotica [62], but different from Kandelia bovate (16 groups) [64] and Dimocarpus longan (14 groups) [65]. The NAC family is categorized into three subfamilies: NAM, ATAF, and CUC. The functional annotation of the AmNAC gene in A. mongolicus was established based on its homologous relationship with the NAC family gene in A. thaliana. Among the 15 groups constituting the A. mongolicus NAC family, the NAM subfamily boasts the highest membership. Prior studies underscored the multifaceted roles of the NAM subfamily, encompassing plant development, stress response, immunity, and metabolism, signifying its pivotal role in plant environmental stress adaptation [8]. The presence and count of introns offer insights into genome complexity and evolutionary processes [66]. In the evolution of NAC family genes, intron addition, loss, or recombination may engender novel functions or alterations in existing functions. The introns within the NAC family members of A. mongolicus range between 1–8, akin to the NAC gene family (1–6) in Cicer arietinum [67], also a legume plant. The integration of conserved domain motifs revealed closely related AmNAC members sharing analogous introns and conserved motifs, hinting at potentially similar biological functions.
The promoter regions of NAC genes contain stress-responsive elements that can bind to specific stress-responsive TFs, thereby initiating or inhibiting the transcription of NAC genes [8]. These stress-responsive elements include ABREs (ABA-responsive elements), DREs (drought-responsive elements), and LTREs (low-temperature-responsive elements). Analyzing the expression patterns of AmNAC genes from summer to winter, it was observed that the AmNAC genes exhibiting either a consistent increase or decrease in expression levels all contained at least one of these cis-acting elements: ABREs, DREs, or LTREs. This suggests that cis-regulatory elements play crucial roles in modulating the expression of genes responsive to specific environmental stresses, aiding the plant’s adaptation to challenging conditions such as low temperatures and drought stresses.
Research indicates the involvement of multiple members within the ATAF subfamily in plant abiotic stress responses [68]. The overexpression of OsNAC5 in rice has demonstrated an augmentation in plant stress resistance, contributing to enhanced rice yield [20]. Within A. mongolicus, there are eight AmNAC members belonging to the ATAF subfamily, wherein AmNAC24 and AmNAC81 cluster alongside ANAC019, ANAC055, and ANAC072 within a distinct branch in the phylogenetic tree. Leveraging RNA-seq data analysis and qRT-PCR, this study discerned the key AmNAC genes pivotal in two stress responses. Expression analysis underscores the involvement of a substantial number of NAC members in responding to osmotic stress and cold stress. Notably, under osmotic stress conditions, the AmNAC24, AmNAC37, and AmNAC57 genes from the ATTF subfamily exhibit heightened expression patterns, which persist similarly under cold stress. These findings strongly implicate the crucial roles these genes might play in the response of A. mongolicus to various abiotic stresses.
To investigate the role of the ATAF subfamily members in A. mongolicus, the AmNAC24 gene, whose expression significantly increased under cold and osmotic stress, was isolated and functionally characterized. Arabidopsis plants transformed with AmNAC24 exhibited enhanced growth under osmotic and cold stress compared to the wild type. The AmNAC24 gene may be a key gene that plays a regulatory role in adaptation to osmotic and cold stress for A. mongolicus. Homologs of AmNAC24 in Arabidopsis, namely ANAC019, ANAC055, and ANAC072, have been reported to play significant roles in responding to abiotic stresses. The overexpression of these genes has been observed in increased drought tolerance in transgenic plants [17]. Additionally, in tobacco, the overexpression of the NtNAC053 gene, the homolog of AmNAC24, enhanced the tolerance of tobacco to salt and drought stress [69].
ROS homeostasis is crucial for plant growth, development, and adaptation to stress. Drought and cold stress can lead to the excessive accumulation of ROS in plants, thereby damaging their normal growth and development [70]. In the present study, under osmotic and cold stress, the DAB and NBT staining of AmNAC24-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis was lighter than that of wild-type plants, indicating that the transgenic lines had a stronger ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species than wild-type plants. The activity detection of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD, CAT, and APX revealed that, compared with the wild type, the transgenic plants showed a significant increase in SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activity, indicating that the overexpression of AmNAC24 improved the ability of transgenic Arabidopsis to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Similar results have also been reported in other plants; for example, under drought stress, the DAB and NAT staining of leaves in Camellia sinensis NAC28 [71]-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants is lighter than those in the wild type, indicating that Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the CsNAC28 gene can reduce the accumulation of ROS under stress conditions. Under salt and drought stress, the CAT, POD, and SOD activities of tobacco seedlings overexpressing the tobacco NAC053 gene were significantly higher than those of wild-type plants [69]. We speculate that the AmNAC24 gene may enhance the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD, CAT, and APX by affecting their expression, thereby better inhibiting the excessive increase in ROS levels under osmotic and cold stress in transgenic Arabidopsis.

5. Conclusions

In the present study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the AmNAC members of A. mongolicus, covering their distribution on chromosomes, basic physicochemical characteristics, phylogenetic classification, gene structure, and evolutionary history. Gene expression analysis shows that the expression levels of many members of the AmNAC family changed under osmotic stress and cold stress, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the environmental response of A. mongolicus. The overexpression of a cold and osmotic-stress-induced NAC family member gene, AmNAC24, improved the tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants under cold stress and osmotic stress. This study advanced our comprehension of the biological function of the NAC gene in A. mongolicus and offered crucial data for elucidating the mechanism associated with the stress resistance of A. mongolicus.
The response of plants to abiotic stress is a complex regulatory network, and the study of the NAC genes involved in the response of non-model species such as A. mongolicus to biotic stress can provide important data for a comprehensive analysis of plant response mechanisms to environmental stress. Further research is needed to identify the specific upstream and downstream genes and to determine the action mechanism of the AmNAC24 genes that significantly regulate osmotic and cold stress; this is to provide more evidence for understanding the NAC gene response of A. mongolicus to abiotic stress.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biom14020182/s1, Figure S1: Multiple sequence alignment of AmNAC proteins. Red, blue, and green represent sequences with a conservative proportion of 90%, 80%, and 60%, respectively, and the black wireframes represent the five motifs of AmNAC proteins (Motif A–E); Figure S2: Conserved motif and gene structures of the A. mongolicus NAC family genes. (A) The sequence logos of the detected motifs. The height of each letter indicates the degree of conservation. Numbers on the x-axis represent residue positions, and the y-axis represents the content measured in bits. (B) Conserved motifs in the 86 AmNAC proteins, different motifs are presented in different colored boxes. (C) Gene structures of AmNAC genes. Yellow boxes represent untranslated regions (UTR), and green boxes represent coding sequence (CDS); Figure S3: Multicollinearity analysis of NAC genes between A. mongolicus and V. vinifera, A. thaliana, M. truncatula, and L. albus, the orange line represents the collinearity of the NAC gene of A. mongolicus and other genomes. Table S1: The sequences of primers for qRT-PCR analysis; Table S2: Physicochemical properties and predicted subcellular localization of 86 AmNAC members; Table S3: Ka/Ks of AmNAC gene paralogous pairs in A. mongolicus.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.Z. (Yijun Zhou) and F.G.; Formal analysis, Y.Z. (Yuxin Zhang), Q.L., X.L., H.Y., J.B. and Y.G.; Funding acquisition, Y.Z. (Yijun Zhou) and F.G.; Investigation, T.D., Y.C. and B.S.; Methodology, Y.G.; Writing—original draft, T.D. and F.G.; Writing—review and editing, T.D., J.B., Y.Z. (Yijun Zhou) and F.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31770363 and 31670335), and Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission (No. 202305).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data supporting this study are available within the paper and within the Supplementary Materials published online.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Chromosomal location of the NAC family genes in the A. mongolicus genome. (A) Chromosomal localization of AmNAC genes; AmNAC genes are shown in black, and genes in red font represent tandem duplicated genes. (B) Pie chart representing the number of AmNAC genes on each chromosome.
Figure 1. Chromosomal location of the NAC family genes in the A. mongolicus genome. (A) Chromosomal localization of AmNAC genes; AmNAC genes are shown in black, and genes in red font represent tandem duplicated genes. (B) Pie chart representing the number of AmNAC genes on each chromosome.
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Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of NAC TF families in A. mongolicus and A. thaliana. Different colors represent different subfamilies, with red circles representing the NAC members of A. thaliana and blue stars representing the NAC members of A. mongolicus.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of NAC TF families in A. mongolicus and A. thaliana. Different colors represent different subfamilies, with red circles representing the NAC members of A. thaliana and blue stars representing the NAC members of A. mongolicus.
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Figure 3. The number of detected cis-acting elements in the promoter region of AmNAC genes. The colors of the box ranging from yellow to green represent the number of homeopathic elements. The different color modules on the left represent different cis-acting element categories.
Figure 3. The number of detected cis-acting elements in the promoter region of AmNAC genes. The colors of the box ranging from yellow to green represent the number of homeopathic elements. The different color modules on the left represent different cis-acting element categories.
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Figure 4. The segmentally duplicated AmNAC genes and their syntenic relationship. All AmNAC gene pairs are marked according to their chromosome distribution in the A. mongolicus genome, and blue lines indicate segmental duplication events associated with the AmNAC genes.
Figure 4. The segmentally duplicated AmNAC genes and their syntenic relationship. All AmNAC gene pairs are marked according to their chromosome distribution in the A. mongolicus genome, and blue lines indicate segmental duplication events associated with the AmNAC genes.
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Figure 5. Expression patterns of AmNAC genes from summer to winter based on transcriptome data. (A) Heatmap indicating the expression levels of AmNAC genes from summer to winter; red to blue color represents gene expression from high to low. (B) Expression trend observed in AmNAC genes from summer to winter.
Figure 5. Expression patterns of AmNAC genes from summer to winter based on transcriptome data. (A) Heatmap indicating the expression levels of AmNAC genes from summer to winter; red to blue color represents gene expression from high to low. (B) Expression trend observed in AmNAC genes from summer to winter.
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Figure 6. Expression patterns of 16 AmNAC genes under osmotic stress and cold stress based on qRT-PCR analysis. The blue bar graph represents the gene expression levels under osmotic stress, and the orange bar graph represents the gene expression levels under cold stress. The statistical significance of different treatments is distinguished by uppercase and lowercase letters, and the same letter indicates that the difference is not significant.
Figure 6. Expression patterns of 16 AmNAC genes under osmotic stress and cold stress based on qRT-PCR analysis. The blue bar graph represents the gene expression levels under osmotic stress, and the orange bar graph represents the gene expression levels under cold stress. The statistical significance of different treatments is distinguished by uppercase and lowercase letters, and the same letter indicates that the difference is not significant.
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Figure 7. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation activity analysis of AmNAC24 protein. (A) Expression of AmNAC24 in roots, stems, and leaves of A. mongolicus. (B) Subcellular localization analysis was performed by the transient expression of the AmNAC24 gene in tobacco, bars = 50 μm. (C) Determination of the transcriptional activation ability of AmNAC24 using the yeast expression system. Yeast cells expressing pGBKT7 empty were used as negative controls, while yeast cells expressing pGBKT7-p53 were used as positive controls.
Figure 7. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation activity analysis of AmNAC24 protein. (A) Expression of AmNAC24 in roots, stems, and leaves of A. mongolicus. (B) Subcellular localization analysis was performed by the transient expression of the AmNAC24 gene in tobacco, bars = 50 μm. (C) Determination of the transcriptional activation ability of AmNAC24 using the yeast expression system. Yeast cells expressing pGBKT7 empty were used as negative controls, while yeast cells expressing pGBKT7-p53 were used as positive controls.
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Figure 8. Comparison of root and hypocotyl growth of the two AmNAC24 overexpression lines and WT plants under osmotic stress. (A) WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants cultured at normal conditions. (B) WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under osmotic stress. (C) Root length of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants in CK and OT. (D) Hypocotyl length of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants in CK and OT. (E) Phenotypes of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under normal and natural drought conditions. (F) MDA content of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants measured under drought conditions. (G) Proline content of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants measured under drought conditions. Each experiment was performed in three independent biological replicates. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the LSD method was used to evaluate the significant difference, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
Figure 8. Comparison of root and hypocotyl growth of the two AmNAC24 overexpression lines and WT plants under osmotic stress. (A) WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants cultured at normal conditions. (B) WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under osmotic stress. (C) Root length of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants in CK and OT. (D) Hypocotyl length of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants in CK and OT. (E) Phenotypes of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under normal and natural drought conditions. (F) MDA content of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants measured under drought conditions. (G) Proline content of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants measured under drought conditions. Each experiment was performed in three independent biological replicates. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the LSD method was used to evaluate the significant difference, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
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Figure 9. Comparison of root and hypocotyl growth of the two AmNAC24 overexpression lines and WT plants under cold stress. (A) WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants cultured at normal conditions. (B) WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under cold stress. (C) Root length of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants in CK and CT. (D) Hypocotyl length of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants in CK and CT. (E) Phenotypes of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under normal conditions and 24 h of cold stress at 4 °C. (F) MDA content of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants measured under cold conditions. (G) Proline content of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants measured under cold conditions. Each experiment was performed in three independent biological replicates. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the LSD method was used to evaluate the significant difference, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
Figure 9. Comparison of root and hypocotyl growth of the two AmNAC24 overexpression lines and WT plants under cold stress. (A) WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants cultured at normal conditions. (B) WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under cold stress. (C) Root length of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants in CK and CT. (D) Hypocotyl length of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants in CK and CT. (E) Phenotypes of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under normal conditions and 24 h of cold stress at 4 °C. (F) MDA content of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants measured under cold conditions. (G) Proline content of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants measured under cold conditions. Each experiment was performed in three independent biological replicates. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the LSD method was used to evaluate the significant difference, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
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Figure 10. Histochemical staining with DAB and NBT and the measurement of activities of antioxidant enzymes under osmotic stress and cold stress. (A) H2O2 and O2− accumulation was detected in the leaves of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under osmotic stress by using histochemical staining with DAB and NBT, respectively. The darker the orange color is, the more H2O2 accumulates. The darker the blue is, the more O2− accumulates. (B) H2O2 and O2− accumulation was detected in the leaves of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under cold stress by using histochemical staining with DAB and NBT, respectively. The darker the orange color is, the more H2O2 accumulates. The darker the blue is, the more O2− accumulates. (C–F) Peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of AmNAC24 overexpression lines and WT plants after the osmotic stress and cold stress treatments. Each experiment was performed in three independent biological replicates. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the LSD method was used to evaluate the significant difference, ** p < 0.01. (G) Expression levels of eight genes related to ROS activity in WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 after the osmotic stress and cold stress treatments. The statistical significance is marked with lowercase letters; means with the same letters are non-significantly different for WT plants and different transgenic lines.
Figure 10. Histochemical staining with DAB and NBT and the measurement of activities of antioxidant enzymes under osmotic stress and cold stress. (A) H2O2 and O2− accumulation was detected in the leaves of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under osmotic stress by using histochemical staining with DAB and NBT, respectively. The darker the orange color is, the more H2O2 accumulates. The darker the blue is, the more O2− accumulates. (B) H2O2 and O2− accumulation was detected in the leaves of WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 plants under cold stress by using histochemical staining with DAB and NBT, respectively. The darker the orange color is, the more H2O2 accumulates. The darker the blue is, the more O2− accumulates. (C–F) Peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of AmNAC24 overexpression lines and WT plants after the osmotic stress and cold stress treatments. Each experiment was performed in three independent biological replicates. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the LSD method was used to evaluate the significant difference, ** p < 0.01. (G) Expression levels of eight genes related to ROS activity in WT, AmNAC24 OE1, and AmNAC24 OE2 after the osmotic stress and cold stress treatments. The statistical significance is marked with lowercase letters; means with the same letters are non-significantly different for WT plants and different transgenic lines.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Dorjee, T.; Cui, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Li, X.; Sumbur, B.; Yan, H.; Bing, J.; Geng, Y.; Zhou, Y.; et al. Characterization of NAC Gene Family in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Functional Analysis of AmNAC24, an Osmotic and Cold-Stress-Induced NAC Gene. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14020182

AMA Style

Dorjee T, Cui Y, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Li X, Sumbur B, Yan H, Bing J, Geng Y, Zhou Y, et al. Characterization of NAC Gene Family in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Functional Analysis of AmNAC24, an Osmotic and Cold-Stress-Induced NAC Gene. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(2):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14020182

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dorjee, Tashi, Yican Cui, Yuxin Zhang, Qi Liu, Xuting Li, Batu Sumbur, Hongxi Yan, Jie Bing, Yuke Geng, Yijun Zhou, and et al. 2024. "Characterization of NAC Gene Family in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Functional Analysis of AmNAC24, an Osmotic and Cold-Stress-Induced NAC Gene" Biomolecules 14, no. 2: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14020182

APA Style

Dorjee, T., Cui, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, Q., Li, X., Sumbur, B., Yan, H., Bing, J., Geng, Y., Zhou, Y., & Gao, F. (2024). Characterization of NAC Gene Family in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Functional Analysis of AmNAC24, an Osmotic and Cold-Stress-Induced NAC Gene. Biomolecules, 14(2), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14020182

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