Perineuronal Net Alterations Following Early-Life Stress: Are Microglia Pulling Some Strings?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PNNs in Development and Early-Life Stress
3. Microglia in Development and Early-Life Stress
4. Mechanisms Underlying ECM–Microglia Interactions in Early-Life Stress
4.1. Direct Modulation of the ECM by Microglia and Possible Regulation by ELS
4.2. Indirect Modulation of the ECM by Microglia and Possible Regulation by ELS
5. Interactions between Microglia and Other Glial Cell Types Following ELS Modulate PNN Integrity
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Species/Sex | ELS Paradigm/Experience | Timing of Investigation | Brain Region(s) | Effect on PNN/PV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Umemori et al., 2015 [23] | C57BL/6J Mouse Male and Female | Perinatal exposure (GD 7–PD 7) to Fluoxetine or Methylmercury | PD 17 PD 24 | Basolateral amygdala Hippocampus (DG and CA1) Basolateral amygdala Hippocampus (DG and CA1) | Flx and MeHg: ↓ PNN density MeHg: ↓ PV density Flx: ↓ PNN density MeHg: ↓ PNN density, ↑ PV density Flx: ↓ PNN density MeHg: ↓ PNN density, ↑ PV density |
Santiago et al., 2018 [24] | Long-Evans Rat Male and Female | Scarcity adversity model (PD 8–12) | PD 23 | Basolateral amygdala | ↓ PNN intensity |
Page et al., 2018 [25] | C57BL/6J Mouse Male and Female | Unpredictable mild stress (PD 28–42) | PD 48 PD 80–83 | Prelimbic medial PFC Prelimbic medial PFC | ↓ PV density in males |
Murthy et al., 2019 [26] | C57BL/6J Mouse Male and Female | Maternal separation (PD 2–16) and early weaning (PD 17) | PD 60–70 | Ventral hippocampus (DG, CA3 and CA1) | Male DG: ↓ PV density, ↓ PV intensity, ↑ PNN intensity |
Gildawie et al., 2020 [27] | Sprague-Dawley Rat Male and Female | Maternal separation (PD 2–20) | PD 20 PD 40 PD 70 | Prelimbic PFC Infralimbic PFC Basolateral amygdala Prelimbic PFC Infralimbic PFC Basolateral amygdala Prelimbic PFC Infralimbic PFC Basolateral amygdala | ↓ PNN density ↓ PNN density ↓ PNN density ↑ PV density in males ↑ PNN intensity on PV in males ↓ PNN density |
Guadagno et al., 2020 [28] | Sprague-Dawley Rat Male and Female | Limited bedding and nesting (PD4–10) | PD28 | Basolateral amygdala | ↑ PNN density and ↑ PNN intensity in males (right hemisphere only) |
* Catale et al., 2022 [2] | DBA Mouse Male and Female | Early-life social stress from CD-1 mouse (PD 14–21) | PD60-70 | Anterior cingulate cortex | ↑ PNN density |
Tanti et al., 2022 [3] | Human Male and Female | Severe child abuse (<15 years old) | 34–50 years old | Ventromedial PFC | ↑ PNN density |
Théberge et al., 2024 [29] | Human Male and Female | Severe child abuse (<15 years old) | 35–57 years old | Ventromedial PFC | ↑ PNN density on unmyelinated PV, ↑ PV intensity of myelinated PV with PNN |
** Belliveau et al., 2024 [30] | Human Male and Female C57BL/6J Mouse Male and Female | Severe child abuse (<15 years old) Limited bedding and nesting (PD 2–9) | 28–68 years old PD 70 | Ventromedial PFC Hippocampus Entorhinal cortex Medial PFC Ventral hippocampus Entorhinal cortex | No changes in sulfation code or labeling pattern No changes in sulfation code or labeling pattern |
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Rahimian, R.; Belliveau, C.; Simard, S.; Turecki, G.; Mechawar, N. Perineuronal Net Alterations Following Early-Life Stress: Are Microglia Pulling Some Strings? Biomolecules 2024, 14, 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091087
Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Simard S, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Perineuronal Net Alterations Following Early-Life Stress: Are Microglia Pulling Some Strings? Biomolecules. 2024; 14(9):1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091087
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahimian, Reza, Claudia Belliveau, Sophie Simard, Gustavo Turecki, and Naguib Mechawar. 2024. "Perineuronal Net Alterations Following Early-Life Stress: Are Microglia Pulling Some Strings?" Biomolecules 14, no. 9: 1087. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091087