Author Contributions
Conceptualization, H.B.M. and M.M.L.; methodology, H.B.M., E.B. and M.K.-K.; validation, H.B.M., M.K.-K. and M.M.L.; formal analysis, H.B.M., M.K.-K., E.B. and Ł.P.H.; investigation, H.B.M. and M.M.L.; resources, H.B.M., M.K.-K., Ł.P.H. and M.M.L.; data curation, H.B.M.; writing—Original draft preparation, H.B.M., M.K.-K., Ł.P.H., E.B. and M.M.L.; writing—Review and editing, M.M.L. and K.L.D.; visualization, H.B.M., M.M.L., M.K.-K. and E.B.; supervision, H.B.M.; project administration, H.B.M.; funding acquisition, H.B.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
The type-species for the section Crepidium. C. rheedii Bl. (A)—habit; (B)—flower; (C)—tepals; (D)—lip; (E)—floral bract (drawn by H. B. Margońska, in Margońska et al., 2012 (2013)).
Figure 1.
The type-species for the section Crepidium. C. rheedii Bl. (A)—habit; (B)—flower; (C)—tepals; (D)—lip; (E)—floral bract (drawn by H. B. Margońska, in Margońska et al., 2012 (2013)).
Figure 2.
Lip morphology in the section Crepidium. C. rheedii Bl. (drawn by Margońska, in Margońska et al., 2012 (2013)).
Figure 2.
Lip morphology in the section Crepidium. C. rheedii Bl. (drawn by Margońska, in Margońska et al., 2012 (2013)).
Figure 3.
Lips of different Crepidium species. (A)—upper part of the lip of C. metallicum; (B)—fold over the lip cavity in C. acutangulum; (C)—autogamy by self-positioning of pollinia in C. resupinatum; (D)—fresh flower of C. hoi (images, H. B. Margońska).
Figure 3.
Lips of different Crepidium species. (A)—upper part of the lip of C. metallicum; (B)—fold over the lip cavity in C. acutangulum; (C)—autogamy by self-positioning of pollinia in C. resupinatum; (D)—fresh flower of C. hoi (images, H. B. Margońska).
Figure 4.
Observations of C. acutangulum flowers subjected to different wavelengths of light. (A)—Cavity of the lip and gynostemium—reflection of light with UV-2A filter (blue fluorescence); (B)—Cavity of the lip and gynostemium—reflection of blue light (green fluorescence) (images, M. Kapusta).
Figure 4.
Observations of C. acutangulum flowers subjected to different wavelengths of light. (A)—Cavity of the lip and gynostemium—reflection of light with UV-2A filter (blue fluorescence); (B)—Cavity of the lip and gynostemium—reflection of blue light (green fluorescence) (images, M. Kapusta).
Figure 5.
Microstructure of the dorsal sepal and lip. (A)—dorsal sepal of C. hoi (scale bar: 1 mm); (B)—close up of the adaxial surface of dorsal sepal of C. hoi (scale bar: 50 µm); (C)—stomata on the adaxial surface of dorsal sepal of C. hoi (scale bar: 10 µm); (D)—trichome on the adaxial surface of the dorsal sepal of C. taurinum (scale bar: 20 µm); (E)—trichome on the adaxial surface of the dorsal sepal of C. hoi (arrow indicates fungal hyphae; scale bar: 30 µm); (F)—adaxial surface of the labellum of C. hoi (scale bar: 2 mm). Images A-C, E-F, H. B. Margońska.
Figure 5.
Microstructure of the dorsal sepal and lip. (A)—dorsal sepal of C. hoi (scale bar: 1 mm); (B)—close up of the adaxial surface of dorsal sepal of C. hoi (scale bar: 50 µm); (C)—stomata on the adaxial surface of dorsal sepal of C. hoi (scale bar: 10 µm); (D)—trichome on the adaxial surface of the dorsal sepal of C. taurinum (scale bar: 20 µm); (E)—trichome on the adaxial surface of the dorsal sepal of C. hoi (arrow indicates fungal hyphae; scale bar: 30 µm); (F)—adaxial surface of the labellum of C. hoi (scale bar: 2 mm). Images A-C, E-F, H. B. Margońska.
Figure 6.
Labellar structure of C. hoi. (A)—adaxial surface of the lateral lobe (scale bar: 500 µm); (B)—distal part of an internal tooth of the lateral lobe showing striae (scale bar: 50 µm); (C)—epidermal cuticle with striae present on an internal tooth of the lateral lobe (scale bar: 10 µm); (D)—striate epidermal cell at base of tooth of lateral lobe (scale bar: 20 µm); (E)—striate epidermal cells from the upper part of lip lamina (except for auricles of lateral lobes; scale bar: 20 µm); (F)—epidermal cells of the labellar cavity and adjacent tissue with striate cuticle and scattered raphides (scale bar: 100 µm). Images, H. B. Margońska.
Figure 6.
Labellar structure of C. hoi. (A)—adaxial surface of the lateral lobe (scale bar: 500 µm); (B)—distal part of an internal tooth of the lateral lobe showing striae (scale bar: 50 µm); (C)—epidermal cuticle with striae present on an internal tooth of the lateral lobe (scale bar: 10 µm); (D)—striate epidermal cell at base of tooth of lateral lobe (scale bar: 20 µm); (E)—striate epidermal cells from the upper part of lip lamina (except for auricles of lateral lobes; scale bar: 20 µm); (F)—epidermal cells of the labellar cavity and adjacent tissue with striate cuticle and scattered raphides (scale bar: 100 µm). Images, H. B. Margońska.
Figure 7.
Labellar structure of C. hoi and C. tixieri. (A)—Raphide crystals piercing the membranes and walls of a raphide-producing cell of C. hoi (scale bar: 30 µm); (B)—release of crystals and intracellular contents (large masses of sticky material and globules) from raphide-producing cells of C. hoi (scale bar: 50 µm); (C)—raphides, sticky material and globules released from a raphide-producing cell of C. hoi (scale bar: 10 µm); (D)—cavity and adjacent tissues with raphides; sticky material and globules released from a raphide-producing cell of C. hoi (scale bar: 100 µm); (E)—raphides on the adaxial surface of a fresh flower of C. tixieri; (F)—fold covering the labellum base of C. hoi (scale bar: 100 µm). Images, H. B. Margońska.
Figure 7.
Labellar structure of C. hoi and C. tixieri. (A)—Raphide crystals piercing the membranes and walls of a raphide-producing cell of C. hoi (scale bar: 30 µm); (B)—release of crystals and intracellular contents (large masses of sticky material and globules) from raphide-producing cells of C. hoi (scale bar: 50 µm); (C)—raphides, sticky material and globules released from a raphide-producing cell of C. hoi (scale bar: 10 µm); (D)—cavity and adjacent tissues with raphides; sticky material and globules released from a raphide-producing cell of C. hoi (scale bar: 100 µm); (E)—raphides on the adaxial surface of a fresh flower of C. tixieri; (F)—fold covering the labellum base of C. hoi (scale bar: 100 µm). Images, H. B. Margońska.
Figure 8.
Cavity structure of C. hoi. (A)—secretory residues at bottom of labellar cavity (scale bar: 20 µm); (B)—bases of epidermal trichomes lining the labellar cavity with strongly undulating cuticle (scale bar: 30 µm); (C)—base of epidermal trichome within the labellar cavity showing an additional level of ornamentation or sculpturing of the cuticular striae (scale bar: 10 µm). Images, H. B. Margońska.
Figure 8.
Cavity structure of C. hoi. (A)—secretory residues at bottom of labellar cavity (scale bar: 20 µm); (B)—bases of epidermal trichomes lining the labellar cavity with strongly undulating cuticle (scale bar: 30 µm); (C)—base of epidermal trichome within the labellar cavity showing an additional level of ornamentation or sculpturing of the cuticular striae (scale bar: 10 µm). Images, H. B. Margońska.
Figure 9.
Anatomy and histochemistry of petals and sepals of C. hoi. (A)—Transverse section of petals showing a single-layered epidermis, stoma (arrowhead), vascular bundle, and idioblasts (stained with Toluidine Blue O). (B)—Bicellular trichome located in crypt or epidermal depression of dorsal sepal. Raphides and vascular bundle are visible (TBO); (C)—Transverse section through lateral sepal stained using the PAS reaction. Idioblasts with raphides occur beneath the epidermis. (D)—Surface material (arrowhead) stained by means of the PAS method on the surface of the lateral sepal, in close proximity to idioblasts. (E)—Surface protein (arrowhead) on the epidermis of lateral sepal (ABB). (F)—A detailed view of the epidermis, subepidermal parenchyma cells, and idioblasts with raphides of dorsal sepal stained with ABB. (G)—SBB stains intracellular lipid droplets in tissues of dorsal sepal. Idioblast with raphides located beneath stoma. (H)—Secretory material stained with SBB (arrowhead) is released onto the surface of the lateral sepal. Lipid droplets are present in epidermal cells. (I)—Details of the trichome of the lateral sepal (TBO). (J)—Trichome on the surface of the lateral sepal stained for protein (ABB). (K)—Trichome of the lateral sepal stained for insoluble polysaccharides (PAS). (L)—Section of a PAS-stained trichome. The tip of the trichome appears to be ruptured. e—epidermis, i—idioblast, L—lipid droplet, r—raphides in idioblast, vb—vascular bundle.
Figure 9.
Anatomy and histochemistry of petals and sepals of C. hoi. (A)—Transverse section of petals showing a single-layered epidermis, stoma (arrowhead), vascular bundle, and idioblasts (stained with Toluidine Blue O). (B)—Bicellular trichome located in crypt or epidermal depression of dorsal sepal. Raphides and vascular bundle are visible (TBO); (C)—Transverse section through lateral sepal stained using the PAS reaction. Idioblasts with raphides occur beneath the epidermis. (D)—Surface material (arrowhead) stained by means of the PAS method on the surface of the lateral sepal, in close proximity to idioblasts. (E)—Surface protein (arrowhead) on the epidermis of lateral sepal (ABB). (F)—A detailed view of the epidermis, subepidermal parenchyma cells, and idioblasts with raphides of dorsal sepal stained with ABB. (G)—SBB stains intracellular lipid droplets in tissues of dorsal sepal. Idioblast with raphides located beneath stoma. (H)—Secretory material stained with SBB (arrowhead) is released onto the surface of the lateral sepal. Lipid droplets are present in epidermal cells. (I)—Details of the trichome of the lateral sepal (TBO). (J)—Trichome on the surface of the lateral sepal stained for protein (ABB). (K)—Trichome of the lateral sepal stained for insoluble polysaccharides (PAS). (L)—Section of a PAS-stained trichome. The tip of the trichome appears to be ruptured. e—epidermis, i—idioblast, L—lipid droplet, r—raphides in idioblast, vb—vascular bundle.
![Plants 10 02373 g009a]()
![Plants 10 02373 g009b]()
Figure 10.
Transverse section through the lip cavity of C. hoi—results of histochemical tests. (A)—Part of the transverse section of the labellum showing the strongly stained epidermis of the labellar cavity (TBO); (B)—large lipid droplets accumulate in epidermal and subepidermal cells of the labellar cavity (SBB); (C)—epidermal and subepidermal cells of the cavity stained intensely with SBB; (D)—polysaccharides are present on the surface of the adaxial epidermis (arrowhead). Starch grains occurred in both epidermal and parenchyma cells (PAS). ab—abaxial surface, ad—adaxial surface, e—epidermis, i—idioblast, L—lipid droplet, pa—parenchyma, vb—vascular bundle.
Figure 10.
Transverse section through the lip cavity of C. hoi—results of histochemical tests. (A)—Part of the transverse section of the labellum showing the strongly stained epidermis of the labellar cavity (TBO); (B)—large lipid droplets accumulate in epidermal and subepidermal cells of the labellar cavity (SBB); (C)—epidermal and subepidermal cells of the cavity stained intensely with SBB; (D)—polysaccharides are present on the surface of the adaxial epidermis (arrowhead). Starch grains occurred in both epidermal and parenchyma cells (PAS). ab—abaxial surface, ad—adaxial surface, e—epidermis, i—idioblast, L—lipid droplet, pa—parenchyma, vb—vascular bundle.
Figure 11.
Staining of insoluble polysaccharides in labellum cells of C. hoi. (A)—Central part of transverse section of labellum showing starch grains within parenchyma cells and the presence of idioblasts in close proximity to epidermal cells (PAS). (B)—High magnification of the part of image A showing an idioblast (PAS). ad—adaxial surface, e—epidermis, i—idioblast, pa—parenchyma.
Figure 11.
Staining of insoluble polysaccharides in labellum cells of C. hoi. (A)—Central part of transverse section of labellum showing starch grains within parenchyma cells and the presence of idioblasts in close proximity to epidermal cells (PAS). (B)—High magnification of the part of image A showing an idioblast (PAS). ad—adaxial surface, e—epidermis, i—idioblast, pa—parenchyma.
Figure 12.
Histochemical features of lip of C. hoi. (A)—Transverse section of the lip showing epidermis, parenchyma cells, vascular bundles, and idioblasts (TBO); (B)—idioblasts with raphides located between epidermal cells of adaxial lip surface (TBO); (C)—transverse section through the lip with strongly stained idioblasts (ABB); (D)—a detailed view of the adaxial surface of the lip with idioblasts stained strongly for proteins (ABB); (E)—a transverse section through the lip stained for insoluble polysaccharides (PAS); (F)—idioblasts located between the epidermal cells of the adaxial surface of the lip following release of raphides (PAS); (G)—a high power view of the area outlined in (E) showing the outer tangential walls of the adaxial epidermis of the lip. Polysaccharide secretion appears to be associated with the presence of micro-channels in the cuticle (arrowhead, PAS); (H)—lipid material on adaxial surface of the lip (arrowheads, SBB). ab—abaxial surface, ad—adaxial surface, e—epidermis, i—idioblast, pa—parenchyma, r—raphides in idioblast, vb—vascular bundle.
Figure 12.
Histochemical features of lip of C. hoi. (A)—Transverse section of the lip showing epidermis, parenchyma cells, vascular bundles, and idioblasts (TBO); (B)—idioblasts with raphides located between epidermal cells of adaxial lip surface (TBO); (C)—transverse section through the lip with strongly stained idioblasts (ABB); (D)—a detailed view of the adaxial surface of the lip with idioblasts stained strongly for proteins (ABB); (E)—a transverse section through the lip stained for insoluble polysaccharides (PAS); (F)—idioblasts located between the epidermal cells of the adaxial surface of the lip following release of raphides (PAS); (G)—a high power view of the area outlined in (E) showing the outer tangential walls of the adaxial epidermis of the lip. Polysaccharide secretion appears to be associated with the presence of micro-channels in the cuticle (arrowhead, PAS); (H)—lipid material on adaxial surface of the lip (arrowheads, SBB). ab—abaxial surface, ad—adaxial surface, e—epidermis, i—idioblast, pa—parenchyma, r—raphides in idioblast, vb—vascular bundle.
![Plants 10 02373 g012a]()
![Plants 10 02373 g012b]()
Figure 13.
Histochemical features of lip of C. hoi. (A)—Transverse section of the lip (ABB); (B)—detail of adaxial epidermal cells with undulated cuticle (TBO); (C)—a high power view of area of the adaxial epidermis outlined in A that was strongly stained for proteins (arrowheads, ABB). ab—abaxial surface, ad—adaxial surface, e—epidermis, r—raphides in idioblast.
Figure 13.
Histochemical features of lip of C. hoi. (A)—Transverse section of the lip (ABB); (B)—detail of adaxial epidermal cells with undulated cuticle (TBO); (C)—a high power view of area of the adaxial epidermis outlined in A that was strongly stained for proteins (arrowheads, ABB). ab—abaxial surface, ad—adaxial surface, e—epidermis, r—raphides in idioblast.
Figure 14.
Ultrastructure of the tepals of C. hoi. (A)—Highly vacuolate cells of single-layered adaxial epidermis (scale bar: 8 µm). (B)— A detailed view of A, showing the cytoplasm with mitochondria, plastids containing a few starch grains, and numerous plastoglobuli; profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, lipid droplets, and dictyosomes (scale bar: 2 µm). (C)—Secretory trichome with dense cytoplasm, numerous organelles and associated surface material (arrowhead) (scale bar: 6 µm). (D)—Base of the trichome, the cell wall possessing an undulate cuticle with secreted surface material (arrowhead) (scale bar: 1 µm). (E)— A detailed view of C, showing dense cytoplasm containing plastids with a few plastoglobuli, and mitochondria and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (scale bar: 1 µm). (F)—Interface of trichome and epidermal cell, the cavity between them containing copious secreted material (arrowhead) (scale bar: 0.8 µm). C—cuticle, CW—cell wall, D—dictyosome, EC—epidermal cell, L—lipid droplet, M—mitochondrion, P—plastid, RER—rough endoplasmic reticulum, T—trichome, V—vacuole.
Figure 14.
Ultrastructure of the tepals of C. hoi. (A)—Highly vacuolate cells of single-layered adaxial epidermis (scale bar: 8 µm). (B)— A detailed view of A, showing the cytoplasm with mitochondria, plastids containing a few starch grains, and numerous plastoglobuli; profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, lipid droplets, and dictyosomes (scale bar: 2 µm). (C)—Secretory trichome with dense cytoplasm, numerous organelles and associated surface material (arrowhead) (scale bar: 6 µm). (D)—Base of the trichome, the cell wall possessing an undulate cuticle with secreted surface material (arrowhead) (scale bar: 1 µm). (E)— A detailed view of C, showing dense cytoplasm containing plastids with a few plastoglobuli, and mitochondria and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (scale bar: 1 µm). (F)—Interface of trichome and epidermal cell, the cavity between them containing copious secreted material (arrowhead) (scale bar: 0.8 µm). C—cuticle, CW—cell wall, D—dictyosome, EC—epidermal cell, L—lipid droplet, M—mitochondrion, P—plastid, RER—rough endoplasmic reticulum, T—trichome, V—vacuole.
![Plants 10 02373 g014]()
Figure 15.
Ultrastructural analysis of the adaxial surface of the lip of C. hoi. (A)—An epidermal cell containing a single vacuole (scale bar: 6 µm). (B)—A detailed view of an epidermal cell with a large nucleus and thick cell wall with an undulating cuticle (scale bar: 2 µm). (C,D)—An epidermal cell at higher magnification. (C)—Dense cytoplasm containing plastids with starch grains and plastoglobuli, together with mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. The cell wall here is lamellate and has an undulate cuticle (scale bar: 1 µm). D—The striate cell wall bears small amounts of secreted material (arrowheads) and electron-dense bodies are present close to the irregular plasmalemma (arrows) (scale bar: 1 µm). (E)—The thick, striate cell walls possess a cuticle bearing small amounts of secreted material (arrowhead) (scale bar: 0.6 µm). (F)—A detailed view of E showing micro-channels in the cuticle (white arrowheads), and a little secreted material (black arrowhead) (scale bar: 0.4 µm). C—cuticle, CW—cell wall, M—mitochondrion, P—plastid, RER—rough endoplasmic reticulum, SER—smooth endoplasmic reticulum, V—vacuole.
Figure 15.
Ultrastructural analysis of the adaxial surface of the lip of C. hoi. (A)—An epidermal cell containing a single vacuole (scale bar: 6 µm). (B)—A detailed view of an epidermal cell with a large nucleus and thick cell wall with an undulating cuticle (scale bar: 2 µm). (C,D)—An epidermal cell at higher magnification. (C)—Dense cytoplasm containing plastids with starch grains and plastoglobuli, together with mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. The cell wall here is lamellate and has an undulate cuticle (scale bar: 1 µm). D—The striate cell wall bears small amounts of secreted material (arrowheads) and electron-dense bodies are present close to the irregular plasmalemma (arrows) (scale bar: 1 µm). (E)—The thick, striate cell walls possess a cuticle bearing small amounts of secreted material (arrowhead) (scale bar: 0.6 µm). (F)—A detailed view of E showing micro-channels in the cuticle (white arrowheads), and a little secreted material (black arrowhead) (scale bar: 0.4 µm). C—cuticle, CW—cell wall, M—mitochondrion, P—plastid, RER—rough endoplasmic reticulum, SER—smooth endoplasmic reticulum, V—vacuole.
![Plants 10 02373 g015a]()
![Plants 10 02373 g015b]()
Figure 16.
Mass spectrum (EI, 70 eV) of 5α-ergost-8(14)-en-3β-ol isolated from C. hoi flower surface lipids. Signal intensity in relation to the base peak (m/z 472) intensity.
Figure 16.
Mass spectrum (EI, 70 eV) of 5α-ergost-8(14)-en-3β-ol isolated from C. hoi flower surface lipids. Signal intensity in relation to the base peak (m/z 472) intensity.
Table 1.
The relative composition (%) of the sugar fraction obtained by extraction using water and methanol; nd—not detected.
Table 1.
The relative composition (%) of the sugar fraction obtained by extraction using water and methanol; nd—not detected.
Compound | C. hoi | C. acutangulum | C. luniferum |
---|
Water | Methanol | Water | Methanol | Water | Methanol |
---|
Fructose | 53.82 | 34.76 | 27.27 | 39.07 | 29.22 | Nd |
Glucose | 46.18 | 25.49 | 3.97 | 15.05 | 29.78 | Nd |
Sucrose | Nd | 39.75 | 68.75 | 45.89 | 41.00 | 100.00 |
Table 2.
The relative composition (%) of floral surface lipids in the plant species studied; (*) possibly overestimated.
Table 2.
The relative composition (%) of floral surface lipids in the plant species studied; (*) possibly overestimated.
Compound | C. hoi | C. acutangulum | C. luniferum |
---|
Glycerol | 11.40 | 13.44 | 11.45 |
Octadecanol | 0.12 | | |
Tetracosanol | 3.08 | | 0.75 |
Pentacosanol | 0.40 | | |
Hexacosanol | 5.12 | | |
Heptacosanol | 0.75 | | |
Octacosanol | 7.24 | | 0.68 |
Nonacosanol | 0.68 | | |
Triacontanol | 4.37 | | 1.64 |
Total alcohols | 33.16 | 13.44 | 14.52 |
Nonanoic acid | 0.38 | 1.92 | 1.47 |
Decanoic acid | 0.11 | 0.53 | |
Dodecanoic acid | 0.15 | | |
Tetradecanoic acid | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.37 |
Pentadecanoic acid | 0.18 | | 0.47 |
Hexadecanoic acid* | 1.16 | 15.62 | 22.06 |
Octadecadienoic acid | 0.25 | 0.77 | 2.28 |
Octadecaenoic acid | | 0.74 | 2.82 |
Octadecanoic acid* | 0.35 | 26.73 | 20.04 |
Tetracosanoic acid | | | 0.60 |
Octacosanoic acid | | | 1.13 |
Triacontanoic acid | | | 2.84 |
Dotriacontanoic acid | | | 1.26 |
Total fatty acids | 2.93 | 46.61 | 55.35 |
Tetradecane | | 1.48 | 1.47 |
Pentadecane | | | |
Hexadecane | 0.71 | 2.03 | 1.49 |
Octadecane | 0.65 | 1.50 | 1.08 |
Eicosane | 0.31 | | |
Docosane | 0.41 | | |
Tricosene | 1.17 | | 0.90 |
Tricosane | 0.93 | 1.72 | 0.69 |
Tetracosane | | 1.03 | |
Pentacosene | 0.69 | 0.79 | 0.32 |
Pentacosane | 4.29 | 3.38 | 1.01 |
Hexacosane | 1.37 | 1.78 | 0.67 |
Heptacosene | 1.60 | 0.47 | 0.58 |
Heptacosane | 14.56 | 10.75 | 2.77 |
Octacosane | 2.61 | 2.83 | 1.76 |
Nonacosene | 1.70 | 1.25 | 1.43 |
Nonacosane | 13.58 | 5.40 | 6.00 |
Triacontane | 0.63 | | |
Hentriacontane | 0.72 | | |
Total hydrocarbons (saturated) (unsaturated) | 45.93 40.77 5.16 | 34.41 31.89 2.51 | 20.18 16.95 3.22 |
Campesterol | 3.62 | | 1.12 |
5α-ergost-8(14)-en-3β-ol | 0.86 | | |
Stigmasterol | 1.03 | 1.62 | 4.66 |
Sitosterol | 2.97 | 3.93 | 2.50 |
Sitostanol | 4.37 | | |
24-Methylenecycloartanol | | | 1.68 |
Total sterols | 12.85 | 5.55 | 9.96 |
Unidentified | 5.12 | | |
Table 3.
Summary of the characteristics of the research material.
Table 3.
Summary of the characteristics of the research material.
| Species of Crepidium |
---|
Character | C. acutangulum | C. hoi | C. luniferum | C. resupinatum | C. rheedii | C. metallicum | C. taurinum | C. tixierii |
---|
Where observed | in situ ex situ | in situ | in situ ex situ | in situ ex situ | in situ ex situ | in situ ex situ | in situ | in situ |
Diameter of flowers (cm) | 0.80–1.20 | ca. 0.60 | 0.47–0.56 | 0.80–1.20 | 0.50–0.70 | 0.90–1.40 | 0.55–0.95 | 0.42–0.55 |
Relative size of flowers for genus | large | Small | small | large | small | large | medium | small |
Main colour of mature, adult flower | white | yellow, pink-purple centrally | white | dark red to maroon, violet | purple to purple-red | cream-yellow to purple | yellow, ochre, reddish to purplish | green |
Scent perceptible to humans | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Labellar sectretion | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |