Impacts of Effective Microorganisms, Compost Tea, Fulvic Acid, Yeast Extract, and Foliar Spray with Seaweed Extract on Sweet Pepper Plants under Greenhouse Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Vegetative Growth Parameters
2.2. Leaf Biochemical Composition
2.3. Endogenous Phytohormones
2.4. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
2.5. Fruit Yield
2.6. Fruit’s Physical Quality
2.7. Fruit’s Chemical Quality
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Materials and Experimental Layout
3.2. Treatments
3.2.1. Soil Addition of Some Growth Stimulant Treatments
3.2.2. Foliar Spraying Treatments
3.3. Data Collection and Recording
3.3.1. Vegetative Growth Characteristics
3.3.2. Chemical Analysis of Plant Foliage
3.3.3. Estimation of Endogenous Phytohormones
3.3.4. Assay of Enzyme Activity
3.3.5. Fruit Yield Parameters and Their Components
3.3.6. Physical Fruit Quality
3.3.7. Chemical Fruit Quality Estimations
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Plant Height (cm) | Average Leaf Area/Plant (cm2) | Plant Fresh Weight (g) | Plant Dry Weight (g) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Addition | Foliar Spraying | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season |
Control | 101.3 B | 105.5 C | 173.8 B | 166.4 D | 798 D | 772 D | 112.9 B | 104.6 B | |
EM | 115.1 A | 114.8 AB | 175.4 B | 173.9 C | 806 C | 807 C | 113.0 B | 109.4 B | |
Compost tea | 117.9 A | 116.1 AB | 184.8 A | 178.9 B | 849 B | 830 B | 118.9 AB | 112.5 A | |
Fulvic acid | 105.8 B | 110.5 BC | 176.6 B | 176.3 BC | 810 C | 818 BC | 113.4 AB | 110.8 A | |
Yeast extract | 119.4 A | 120.1 A | 186.4 A | 187.1 A | 857 A | 861 A | 120.0 A | 117.8 B | |
Control | 108.9 B | 109.4 B | 174.5 B | 171.6 B | 783 D | 771 D | 101.9 D | 92.6 D | |
Seaweed at 1g/L | 110.9 AB | 111.3 B | 175.2 B | 173.8 B | 804 C | 797 C | 111.4 C | 103.6 C | |
Seaweed at 2g/L | 113.1 AB | 116.0 A | 182.0 A | 179.8 A | 836 B | 842 B | 118.5 B | 117.8 B | |
Seaweed at 3g/L | 114.8 A | 116.8 A | 186.2 A | 181.0 A | 873 A | 866 A | 130.7 A | 129.9 A | |
Control | Control | 98.6 d | 102.3 e | 168.2 e | 162.4 i | 756 k | 729 k | 98.3 i | 87.5 j |
Seaweed at 1g/L | 99.3 cd | 104.2 de | 169.9 de | 164.2 hi | 777 ij | 754 jk | 104.9 e–i | 98.1 g | |
Seaweed at 2g/L | 104.3 a–d | 108.3 b–e | 178.1 a–e | 169.9 f–i | 818 fg | 794 fi | 122.6 b–f | 111.2 fg | |
Seaweed at 3g/L | 103.2 b–d | 107.1 c–e | 179.6 a–e | 169.3 g–i | 841 de | 811 d–g | 126.1 b–f | 121.6 c–e | |
EM | Control | 112.1 a–d | 111.6 a–e | 171.0 d–e | 169.3 g–i | 769 jk | 761 i–k | 99.9 hi | 91.3 ij |
Seaweed at 1g/L | 114.2 a–d | 113.2 a–e | 169.8 d–e | 171.4 e–h | 781 ij | 786 g–j | 109.0 d–h | 102.3 gh | |
Seaweed at 2g/L | 116.3 a–c | 116.1 a–e | 174.9 b–e | 176.8 c–g | 801 gh | 827 c–f | 112.2 c–g | 115.8 de | |
Seaweed at 3g/L | 118.0 ab | 118.3 a–d | 186.2 a–c | 178.2 c–f | 874 b | 854 b–c | 131.0 a–e | 128.2 bd | |
Control | 114.5 ad | 113.1 a–e | 178.6 a–e | 176.0 e–g | 801 gh | 792 f–i | 104.3 f–i | 95.1 hi | |
Compost tea | Seaweed at 1g/L | 116.8 a–c | 112.4 a–e | 181.0 a–e | 175.8 c–g | 832 ef | 805 e–h | 116.1c–g | 104.6 ef |
Seaweed at 2g/L | 119.3 ab | 118.6 a–d | 189.2 ab | 181.6 c–g | 871 bc | 851 bc | 121.6a–d | 119.2 bc | |
Seaweed at 3g/L | 121.3 a | 120.1 a–c | 190.6 a | 182.2 c | 893 a | 873 b | 133.6 a | 131.0 a | |
Fulvic acid | Control | 103.2 b–d | 104.6 de | 173.2 c–e | 171.1 e–h | 778 ij | 769 h–i | 101.2 g–i | 92.4 ij |
Seaweed at 1g/L | 106.2 a–d | 109.3 b–e | 172.3 c–e | 173.4 d–g | 791 hi | 795 f–i | 110.0 e–i | 103.4 ab | |
Seaweed at 2g/L | 104.3 a–d | 114.2 a–e | 178.6 a–e | 179.3 c–e | 819 fg | 841 b–e | 114.2 a–e | 117.4 de | |
Seaweed at 3g/L | 109.8 a–d | 114.1 a–e | 182.3 a–e | 181.6 cd | 855 bc | 868 b | 128.2 ab | 130.2 ab | |
Yeast extract | Control | 116.2 a–d | 115.6 a–e | 181.3 a–e | 179.3 b–e | 814 fg | 805 e–h | 105.9 g–i | 96.6 ij |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 118.3 ab | 117.3 a | 183.2 a–d | 184.3 bc | 841 de | 846 b–d | 117.2 d–i | 110.0 gh | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 121.2 a | 123.0 ab | 189.2 ab | 191.3 ab | 874 b | 897 b | 122.1 a–e | 125.6 de | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 121.9 a | 124.5 a | 192.2 a | 193.8 a | 902 a | 926 a | 135.0 a–c | 138.9 de |
Treatments | Nitrogen (%) | Phosphorus (%) | Potassium (%) | Total Carbohydrates (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Addition | Foliar Spraying | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season |
Control | 2.36 C | 2.32 D | 0.229 E | 0.233 E | 1.45 D | 1.47 C | 17.9 D | 18.8 D | |
EM | 2.39 C | 2.37 D | 0.237 D | 0.238 D | 1.51 C | 1.69 B | 19.1 C | 21.3 c | |
Compost tea | 2.52 A | 2.59 A | 0.240 C | 0.242 C | 1.74 A | 1.81 A | 22.6 A | 24.4 A | |
Fulvic acid | 2.45 B | 2.46 C | 0.263 A | 0.269 A | 1.78 A | 1.86 A | 23.4 A | 25.0 A | |
Yeast extract | 2.47 AB | 2.53 B | 0.259 B | 0.263 B | 1.67 B | 1.73 B | 20.3 B | 23.4 B | |
Control | 2.33 C | 2.34 D | 0.230 D | 0.235 D | 1.53 D | 1.59 C | 18.7 C | 20.2 C | |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 2.41 B | 2.43 C | 0.241 C | 0.242 C | 1.58 C | 1.69 B | 20.1 B | 22.2 B | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 2.49 A | 2.49 B | 0.251 B | 0.255 B | 1.68 B | 1.75 A | 21.6 A | 23.7 A | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 2.51 A | 2.56 A | 0.258 A | 0.262 A | 1.72 A | 1.80 A | 22.3 A | 24.1 A | |
Control | Control | 2.29 f | 2.25 j | 0.217 l | 0.223 i | 1.34 i | 1.39 h | 16.7 i | 17.2 j |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 2.36 e–f | 2.29 hi | 0.226 k | 0.229 hi | 1.39 i | 1.42 gh | 17.2 hi | 19.3 h–j | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 2.39 e–f | 2.36 f–i | 0.234 ij | 0.239 ef | 1.54 gh | 1.51 f–h | 18.9 f–i | 19.1 ij | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 2.38 e–f | 2.41 e–h | 0.237 h–j | 0.238 e–g | 1.53 gh | 1.53 f–h | 18.7 f–i | 19.6 g–i | |
EM | Control | 2.31 f | 2.29 hi | 0.225 k | 0.230 g–i | 1.41 i | 1.54 fg | 17.3 hi | 19.3 h–j |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 2.41 d–f | 2.37 f–i | 0.239 f–i | 0.241 de | 1.52 h | 1.65 d–f | 19.8 d–i | 21.8 d–g | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 2.39 ef | 2.42 d–h | 0.238 g–j | 0.238 e–g | 1.51 h | 1.78 b–d | 19.2 e–i | 21.6 e–h | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 2.42 c–f | 2.40 e–h | 0.245 d–g | 0.241 de | 1.59 f–h | 1.76 cd | 20.0 d–g | 22.4 d–f | |
Compost tea | Control | 2.38 ef | 2.42 d–h | 0.231 jk | 0.234 e–h | 1.62 e–g | 1.69 c–e | 19.8 d–h | 21.6 e–h |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 246 b–f | 2.53 c–e | 0.242 e–h | 0.232 f–h | 1.69 c–e | 1.78 b–d | 21.8 b–e | 23.8 c–e | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 2.59 a–c | 2.65 a–c | 0.240 f–i | 0.249 cd | 1.80 ab | 1.83 a–c | 23.8 a–c | 25.8 a–c | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 2.64 a | 2.75 a | 0.246 d–h | 0.251 c | 1.84 a | 1.92 ab | 24.9 a | 26.2 ab | |
Fulvic acid | Control | 2.33 f | 2.34 g–i | 0.241 e–i | 0.248 cd | 1.68 d–f | 1.73 c–e | 21.3 c–f | 22.4 d |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 2.39 ef | 2.49 d–f | 0.252 d | 0.256 c | 1.72 b–d | 1.82 bc | 21.9 b–d | 24.1 c | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 2.57 a–d | 2.46 d–g | 0.273 bc | 0.279 b | 1.83 a | 1.91 ab | 24.3 ab | 26.3 ab | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 2.51 a–e | 2.53 c–e | 0.286 a | 0.292 a | 1.86 a | 1.97 a | 26.1 a | 26.9 a | |
Yeast extract | Control | 2.32 f | 2.38 f–i | 0.238 g–j | 0.242 de | 1.59 f–h | 1.61 ef | 18.2 g–i | 20.3 f–i |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 2.41 d-f | 2.48 d–g | 0.248 de | 0.251 c | 1.58 gh | 1.76 cd | 19.6 d–h | 21.9 d–g | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 2.52 a–e | 2.56 bc | 0.268 c | 0.272 b | 1.73 b–d | 1.74 c–e | 21.7 b–e | 25.8 a–c | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 2.60 ab | 2.70 ab | 0.279 ab | 0.286 a | 1.78 a–c | 1.80 bc | 21.6 c–e | 25.4 a–c |
Treatments | Fe (ppm) | Zn (ppm) | Mn (ppm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Addition | Foliar Spraying | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season |
Control | 110.2 C | 117.3 C | 30.6 C | 31.3 C | 43.2 C | 41.7 D | |
EM | 112.2 BC | 123.3 B | 30.7 B | 33.5 AB | 44.8 B | 42.9 CD | |
Compost tea | 113.8 B | 124.3 B | 32.3 B | 32.8 BC | 46.7 A | 45.6 A | |
Fulvic acid | 116.4 A | 128.7 A | 31.3 BC | 32.4 BC | 45.6 AB | 44.7 AB | |
Yeast extract | 112.7 B | 122.0 B | 34.4 A | 35.1 A | 45.3 B | 43.5 BC | |
Control | 94.0 D | 106.7 D | 26.7 D | 27.6 D | 38.0 D | 36.1 D | |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 111.9 C | 118.5 C | 30.5 C | 31.1 C | 43.2 C | 41.9 C | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 119.8 B | 127.5 B | 34.6 B | 34.8 B | 48.0 B | 46.6 B | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 126.7 A | 139.6 A | 37.1 A | 38.5 A | 51.2 A | 50.2 A | |
Control | Control | 92.3 k | 96.8 n | 24.7 k | 26.2 j | 36.8 j | 34.1 i |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 108.2 j | 116.2 i–k | 28.3 g–k | 29.4 f–j | 39.2 ij | 38.2 gh | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 116.3 f–h | 123.2 f–h | 34.0 c–e | 33.5 c–g | 47.2 f–g | 46.2 c–e | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 124.1 a–d | 132.9 c–e | 35.7 a–c | 36.2 b–d | 49.5 a–e | 48.4 a–d | |
EM | Control | 92.9 k | 108.6 lm | 27.2 h–k | 28.6 h–j | 38.0 j | 35.8 hi |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 110.4 ij | 119.6 h–j | 31.6 d–g | 31.8 d–i | 41.8 hi | 39.8 gh | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 119.6 d–f | 128.7 e–f | 34.8 b–d | 34.6 b–e | 48.4 b–f | 46.1 de | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 126.0 a–c | 136.2 b–d | 36.2 a–c | 38.9 ab | 51.0 a–c | 49.8 a–d | |
Compost tea | Control | 93.8 k | 112.2 kl | 26.4 i–k | 27.2 i–j | 39.4 ij | 37.4 g–i |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 113.2 g–j | 117.3 h–k | 30.4 e–h | 29.8 e–j | 46.3 e–g | 45.8 de | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 121.2 c–f | 126.4 e–g | 34.9 b–d | 36.0 b–d | 48.1 c–f | 47.6 a–e | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 127.2 ab | 141.3 b | 37.6 ab | 36.5 bd | 52.8 a | 51.6 a | |
Fulvic acid | Control | 96.7 k | 114.3 j–l | 25.6 jk | 26.8 j | 38.2 j | 37.1 hi |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 115.6 f–i | 121.8 g–i | 28.9 g–j | 31.8 d–i | 45.0 f–h | 44.2 ef | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 123.8 b–e | 130.4 de | 34.2 b–e | 34.2 b–f | 47.3 d–f | 46.8 b–e | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 129.8 a | 148.6 a | 36.8 a–c | 36.9 bc | 51.9 ab | 50.8 ab | |
Yeast extract | Control | 94.3 k | 102.0 mn | 29.8 f–i | 29.3 g–j | 37.4 j | 36.2 hi |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 112.4 h–j | 118.0 h–k | 33.2 c–f | 32.8 c–h | 43.7 gh | 41.3 fg | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 118.2 e–g | 128.6 ef | 35.1 bc | 35.7 b–d | 49.2 b–e | 46.4 c–e | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 126.4 a–c | 139.4 bc | 39.4 a | 42.7 a | 50.8 a–d | 50.2 a–c |
Treatments | Number of Fruit/Plant | Total Fruit Yield (kg/m2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potassium Soil Addition (S) | Foliar Spraying (F) | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season |
Control | 14.9 C | 16.6 C | 11.31 C | 12.17 C | |
EM | 15.2 B | 16.8 C | 11.58 BC | 12.35 BC | |
Compost tea | 15.3 B | 17.6 AB | 12.41 A | 13.76 A | |
Fulvic acid | 15.7 A | 17.9 A | 12.34 A | 13.71 A | |
Yeast extract | 15.3 B | 17.3 B | 11.96 AB | 12.78 B | |
Control | 14.8 C | 16.8 B | 10.85 D | 11.85 D | |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 15.2 B | 17.0 B | 11.66 C | 12.71 C | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 15.4 B | 17.5 A | 12.21 B | 13.31 B | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 15.8 A | 17.9 A | 12.97 A | 13.98 A | |
Control | Control | 14.3 h | 16.2 e | 10.29 h | 11.02 h |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 14.8 f–h | 16.4 de | 11.19 d–h | 12.51 d–h | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 15.1 d–g | 16.8 c–e | 11.86 c–g | 12.09 e–h | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 15.4 b–f | 17.3 a–e | 11.90 c–g | 13.08 c–f | |
EM | Control | 14.6 gh | 16.4 de | 10.56 gh | 11.37 gh |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 14.9 e–h | 16.3 de | 11.51 d–h | 11.68 fh | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 15.7 a–d | 17.1 b–e | 11.97 c–g | 12.93 c–g | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 15.6 a–e | 17.4 a–e | 12.31 b–f | 13.44 b–e | |
Compost tea | Control | 14.8 f–g | 16.9 b–e | 11.14 e–h | 12.22 d–h |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 15.4 b–f | 17.6 a–d | 12.0 c–f | 13.36 c–e | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 15.2 c–g | 18.0 a–c | 12.59 a–d | 14.38 ac | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 16.1 ab | 18.2 ab | 13.92 a | 15.08 a | |
Fulvic acid | Control | 15.2 c–g | 17.6 a–d | 11.29 d–h | 12.55 d–h |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 15.6 a–e | 17.9 a–c | 11.90 c–g | 13.65 a–e | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 15.9 a–c | 18.1 a–c | 12.51 a–e | 13.74 a–d | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 16.3 a | 18.6 a | 13.67 ab | 14.92 ab | |
Yeast extract | Control | 14.9 e–h | 17.1 b–e | 10.97 f–h | 12.08 e–h |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 15.3 c–g | 17.0 b–e | 11.72 c–g | 12.23 d–h | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 15.2 c–g | 17.6 a–d | 12.14 c–f | 13.42 b–e | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 15.8 a–d | 17.8 a–c | 13.04 a–c | 13.40 b–e |
Treatments | Average Fruit Fresh Weight (g) | Average Fruit Dry Weight (g) | Average Fruit Length (cm) | Average Fruit Diameter (cm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potassium Soil Addition (S) | Foliar Spraying (F) | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season |
Control | 229 D | 218 C | 16.8 A | 13.7 B | 8.18 C | 8.10 C | 7.66 B | 7.66 D | |
EM | 230 CD | 222 BC | 16.9 A | 14.0 B | 8.84 B | 8.33 BC | 8.41 A | 7.83 CD | |
Compost tea | 244 A | 235 A | 18.0 A | 14.8 A | 9.37 A | 9.26 A | 8.93 A | 8.87 A | |
Fulvic acid | 239 AB | 230 AB | 17.6 A | 14.8 A | 9.22 AB | 9.09 A | 8.78 A | 8.68 AB | |
Yeast extract | 236 BC | 222 BC | 17.4 A | 14.0 B | 8.90 D | 8.68 B | 8.49 B | 8.29 BC | |
Control | 223 D | 213 C | 15.6 C | 12.8 D | 8.60 B | 8.52A | 8.12 B | 8.07 A | |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 232 C | 223 B | 17.0 B | 14.3 C | 8.85 AB | 8.62 A | 8.38 AB | 8.19 A | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 242 B | 230 AB | 18.1 A | 14.7 B | 9.04 A | 8.79 A | 8.58 A | 8.35 A | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 248 A | 237 A | 18.8 A | 15.4 A | 9.15 A | 8.83 A | 8.74 A | 8.45 A | |
Control | Control | 218 h | 206 e | 15.2 f | 12.4 i | 7.93 e | 7.86 d | 7.12 c | 7.39 e |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 229 f–h | 219 c–e | 16.7 b–f | 13.8 d–g | 8.07 de | 7.93 d | 7.61 bc | 7.54 de | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 238 b–g | 218 c–e | 17.8 a–f | 14.0 d–f | 8.26 c–e | 8.31 b–d | 7.82 a–c | 7.82 b–e | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 234 d–h | 229 a–d | 17.8 a–f | 14.9 b–d | 8.46 a–e | 8.28 cd | 8.09 a–c | 7.89 a–e | |
EM | Control | 219 h | 210 de | 15.3 f | 12.6 hi | 8.36 b–e | 8.21 cd | 8.02 a–c | 7.65 c–e |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 23 4d–h | 217 c–e | 17.1 a–f | 13.7 e–h | 8.80 a–e | 8.36 a–d | 8.32 a–c | 7.81 b–e | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 231 e–h | 229 a–d | 17.3 a–f | 14.7 b–e | 9.12 a–e | 8.32 b–d | 8.70 ab | 7.86 a–e | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 239 b–g | 234 a–c | 18.2 a–f | 15.2 a–c | 9.08 a–e | 8.40 a–d | 8.61 ab | 8.02 a–e | |
Compost tea | Control | 228 f–h | 219 c–e | 16.0 c–f | 13.1 f–i | 9.14 a–d | 9.06 a–c | 8.71 ab | 8.62 e |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 236 c–g | 230 a–d | 17.3 a–f | 14.5 c–e | 9.23 a–d | 9.18 a–c | 8.83 ab | 8.76 a–d | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 251 a–c | 242 ab | 18.8 a–d | 15.5 a–c | 9.52 ab | 9.37 ab | 8.96 ab | 9.0 ab | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 262 a | 251 a | 19.9 a | 16.3 a | 9.61 a | 9.42 a | 9.24 a–c | 9.07 a | |
Fulvic acid | Control | 225 gh | 216 c–e | 15.8 d–f | 13.0 f–i | 8.93 a–e | 8.82 a–d | 8.51 ab | 8.41 a–e |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 231 e–h | 231 a–d | 16.9 a–f | 15.8 ab | 9.17 a–d | 9.02 a–c | 8.64 ab | 8.63 a–e | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 246 a–e | 230 a–d | 18.5 a–e | 14.7 b–e | 9.36 a–c | 9.20 a–c | 8.92 ab | 8.79 a–c | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 254 ab | 243 ab | 19.3 ab | 15.8 ab | 9.42 a–c | 9.29 a–c | 9.06 a | 8.86 a–c | |
Yeast extract | Control | 223 g–h | 214 c–e | 15.6 ef | 12.8 g–i | 8.60 a–e | 8.64 a–d | 8.24 a–c | 8.26 a–e |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 232 e–h | 218 c–e | 17.0 a–f | 13.7 e–h | 8.96 a–e | 8.61 a–d | 8.52 ab | 8.21 a–e | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 242 b–f | 231 a–d | 18.2 a–f | 14.8 b–e | 8.92 a–e | 8.71 a–d | 8.51 ab | 8.28 a–e | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 250 a–d | 228 b–e | 19.0 a–c | 14.8 b–e | 9.14 a–d | 8.73 a–d | 8.72 ab | 8.39 a–e |
Treatments | TSS (%) | VC (mg/100g f.w) | Total Sugars (%) | Carotenoids (mg/100g f.w) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Addition (S) | Foliar Spraying (F) | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season | 1st Season | 2nd Season |
Control | 5.28 B | 5.28 A | 106.9 C | 115.2 C | 3.34 B | 3.36 B | 0.86 B | 0.84 E | |
EM | 5.34 B | 5.34 A | 109.4 B | 120.0 B | 3.37 B | 3.37 B | 0.87 B | 0.85 D | |
Compost tea | 5.50 A | 5.39 A | 116.0 A | 123.2 B | 3.54 A | 3.47 AB | 0.91 A | 0.90B | |
Fulvic acid | 5.55 A | 5.46 A | 119.9 A | 124.9 A | 3.60 A | 3.53 A | 0.94 A | 0.92 A | |
Yeast extract | 5.35 B | 5.35 A | 112.6 B | 118.2 B | 3.48 AB | 3.42 AB | 0.87 B | 0.88 C | |
Control | 5.26 C | 5.26 A | 106.8 C | 113.0 C | 3.37 B | 3.35 B | 0.85 C | 0.85 D | |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 5.36 B | 5.34 A | 111.4 B | 117.1 B | 3.43 AB | 3.40 B | 0.88 BC | 0.87 C | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 5.46 A | 5.39 A | 115.3 B | 124.2 B | 3.51 A | 3.44 AB | 0.90 AB | 0.89 B | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 5.51 A | 5.46 A | 118.2 A | 126.8 A | 3.55 A | 3.50 A | 0.91 A | 0.92 A | |
Control | Control | 5.18 d | 5.21 a | 102.3 d | 106.3 d | 3.28 c | 3.31 a | 0.83 e | 0.81 n |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 5.29 cd | 5.28 a | 108.3 c | 114.2 c | 3.32 bc | 3.38 a | 0.85 de | 0.83 l | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 5.27 d | 5.29 a | 106.4 c | 121.2 b | 3.38 a–c | 3.34 a | 0.87 b–e | 0.83 l | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 5.36 cd | 5.34 a | 110.3 b | 118.9 c | 3.37 a–c | 3.39 a | 0.88 a–e | 0.86 i | |
EM | Control | 5.21 d | 5.24 a | 104.7 d | 109.7 c | 3.31 bc | 3.36 a | 0.83 e | 0.82 m |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 5.36 cd | 5.36 a | 104.2 e | 116.6 b | 3.39 a–c | 3.30 a | 0.89 a–e | 0.84 k | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 5.41 b–d | 5.34 a | 112.6 a | 126.3 a | 3.36 a–c | 3.39 a | 0.88 a–e | 0.85 j | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 5.35 cd | 5.41 a | 115.9 a | 127.1 a | 3.42 a–c | 3.42 a | 0.87 a–e | 0.89 f | |
Compost tea | Control | 5.31 cd | 5.28 b | 108.6 b | 117.2 c | 3.41 a–c | 3.37 a | 0.86 c–e | 0.86 i |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 5.38 cd | 5.34 a | 111.3 a | 121.3 a | 3.47 a–c | 3.42 a | 0.89 a–e | 0.89 f | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 5.57 a–c | 5.42 a | 121.2 a | 125.4 a | 3.58 a–c | 3.51 a | 0.94 a–d | 0.92 d | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 5.71 a | 5.49 a | 122.9 a | 128.9 a | 3.69 ab | 3.58 a | 0.95 a–c | 0.93 c | |
Fulvic acid | Control | 5.36 cd | 5.32 b | 112.2 c | 119.3 d | 3.48 a–c | 3.42 a | 0.89 a–e | 0.87 h |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 5.42b–d | 5.39 a | 118.3 b | 120.8 b | 3.53 a–c | 3.49 a | 0.92 a–e | 0.91 e | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 5.69 ab | 5.52 a | 123.6 a | 128.3 a | 3.68 ab | 3.57 a | 0.96 ab | 0.94 b | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 5.73 a | 5.61 a | 125.4 a | 131.2 a | 3.71 a | 3.62 a | 0.97 a | 0.95 a | |
Yeast extract | Control | 5.25 d | 5.2 6a | 106.3 d | 112.6 c | 3.36 a-c | 3.39 a | 0.84 e | 0.87 h |
Seaweed at 1 g/L | 5.36 cd | 5.32 a | 114.8 b | 112.2 c | 3.42 a–c | 3.42 a | 0.84 e | 0.86 i | |
Seaweed at 2 g/L | 5.34 cd | 5.38 a | 112.9 c | 119.8 b | 3.57 a–c | 3.39 a | 0.89 a–e | 0.89 f | |
Seaweed at 3 g/L | 5.42 b–d | 5.43 a | 116.3 a | 128.1 a | 3.54 a–c | 3.48 a | 0.88 a–e | 0.88 g |
Physical Analysis | Chemical Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cations (meq/L) | Anions (meq/L) | ||||
Coarse Sand | 56.6% | Ca++ | 2.24 | CO3− | Zero |
Fine sand | 29.4% | Mg++ | 1.86 | HCO3− | 3.00 |
Silt | 5.0% | Na+ | 1.90 | Cl− | 1.70 |
Clay | 9.0% | K+ | 0.50 | SO4− | 1.80 |
Texture class: sandy | |||||
Soil pH | 7.8 | Available N: 2.28 mg/kg | |||
EC (dS/m) | 0.65 | Available P: 1.25 mg/kg | |||
Organic matter | 0.71% | Available K: 11.9 mg/kg |
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Mohamed, M.H.M.; Sami, R.; Al-Mushhin, A.A.M.; Ali, M.M.E.; El-Desouky, H.S.; Ismail, K.A.; Khalil, R.; Zewail, R.M.Y. Impacts of Effective Microorganisms, Compost Tea, Fulvic Acid, Yeast Extract, and Foliar Spray with Seaweed Extract on Sweet Pepper Plants under Greenhouse Conditions. Plants 2021, 10, 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091927
Mohamed MHM, Sami R, Al-Mushhin AAM, Ali MME, El-Desouky HS, Ismail KA, Khalil R, Zewail RMY. Impacts of Effective Microorganisms, Compost Tea, Fulvic Acid, Yeast Extract, and Foliar Spray with Seaweed Extract on Sweet Pepper Plants under Greenhouse Conditions. Plants. 2021; 10(9):1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091927
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed, Mostafa H. M., Rokayya Sami, Amina A. M. Al-Mushhin, Maha Mohamed Elsayed Ali, Heba S. El-Desouky, Khadiga Ahmed Ismail, Radwan Khalil, and Reda M. Y. Zewail. 2021. "Impacts of Effective Microorganisms, Compost Tea, Fulvic Acid, Yeast Extract, and Foliar Spray with Seaweed Extract on Sweet Pepper Plants under Greenhouse Conditions" Plants 10, no. 9: 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091927