Exchangeable and Plant-Available Macronutrients in a Long-Term Tillage and Crop Rotation Experiment after 15 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Experimental Design
2.2. Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation
2.3. Soil Analysis
2.4. Winter Wheat Cultivation and Sampling
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Macronutrients in the Soil Profile
3.2. Yields, Concentrations and Uptake of Macronutrients by Winter Wheat
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Acetic Acid | Mehlich 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | A | B | ||
P | (mg kg−1) | 10.8 | 13.0 | 70.6 | 70.4 |
K | (mg kg−1) | 98 | 97 | 205 | 218 |
S | (mg kg−1) | 38.4 | 36.4 | 45.2 | 44.8 |
Ca | (g kg−1) | 45.4 | 44.0 | 17.7 | 18.8 |
Mg | (mg kg−1) | 808 | 928 | 417 | 391 |
Soil Tillage | Crop Rotation | ANOVA | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MP | NT | CTd | CTs | A | B | ST | CR | ||
Yields | |||||||||
Grain yield | kg ha−1 | 1748 c | 2299 a | 1952 bc | 2073 ab | 2735 a | 1301 b | ** | *** |
Straw yield | kg ha−1 | 3042 c | 3943 a | 3341 bc | 3548 ab | 4868 a | 2069 b | * | *** |
Harvest index | % | 37.1 | 37.2 | 37.5 | 37.6 | 36.0 b | 38.6 a | * | |
Grain concentration | |||||||||
P | mg kg−1 | 2518 | 3111 | 3064 | 2885 | 3297 a | 2493 b | ** | |
K | mg kg−1 | 4160 | 4164 | 3799 | 3992 | 4169 | 3888 | ||
S | mg kg−1 | 2318 | 2456 | 2703 | 2460 | 2592 a | 2376 b | * | |
Ca | mg kg−1 | 446 a | 384 b | 410 ab | 449 a | 399 b | 445 a | * | ** |
Mg | mg kg−1 | 1143 | 1102 | 1098 | 1155 | 1197 a | 1052 b | ** | |
Straw concentration | |||||||||
P | mg kg−1 | 249 | 339 | 251 | 218 | 312 a | 217 b | * | |
K | mg kg−1 | 12,618 b | 18,290 a | 14,385 ab | 13,805 b | 14,193 | 15,357 | ** | |
S | mg kg−1 | 1372 | 1530 | 1553 | 1304 | 1505 | 1374 | ||
Ca | mg kg−1 | 3021 a | 2332 b | 3048 a | 2935 a | 2732 | 2936 | *** | |
Mg | mg kg−1 | 781 | 645 | 639 | 800 | 727 | 706 | ||
Grain uptake | |||||||||
P | kg ha−1 | 4.61 b | 7.56 a | 6.16 ab | 6.50 ab | 9.13 a | 3.29 b | * | *** |
K | kg ha−1 | 7.34 b | 9.73 a | 7.53 b | 8.35 ab | 11.40 a | 5.07 b | * | *** |
S | kg ha−1 | 4.07 b | 5.83 a | 5.24 a | 5.27 a | 7.12 a | 3.08 b | * | *** |
Ca | kg ha−1 | 0.76 b | 0.87 ab | 0.79 b | 0.91 a | 1.09 a | 0.57 b | * | *** |
Mg | kg ha−1 | 2.05 c | 2.61 a | 2.18 bc | 2.46 ab | 3.27 a | 1.37 b | * | *** |
Straw uptake | |||||||||
P | kg ha−1 | 0.76 b | 1.46 a | 0.94 ab | 0.86 b | 1.55 a | 0.46 b | * | *** |
K | kg ha−1 | 37.56 b | 72.72 a | 45.26 b | 49.45 b | 69.94 a | 32.55 b | *** | *** |
S | kg ha−1 | 4.24 b | 6.28 a | 5.20 ab | 4.75 b | 7.38 a | 2.85 b | * | *** |
Ca | kg ha−1 | 9.19 | 8.74 | 10.10 | 10.17 | 13.16 a | 5.95 b | *** | |
Mg | kg ha−1 | 2.48 | 2.51 | 2.03 | 2.87 | 3.53 a | 1.45 b | *** | |
Nutrient harvest index | |||||||||
P | % | 85.0 | 84.7 | 87.8 | 88.6 | 85.6 | 87.5 | ||
K | % | 15.4 | 12.1 | 14.1 | 15.1 | 14.6 | 13.6 | ||
S | % | 49.8 | 48.6 | 50.9 | 53.6 | 49.2 | 52.3 | ||
Ca | % | 8.0 | 9.0 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 7.8 b | 8.7 a | * | |
Mg | % | 46.9 | 50.3 | 51.1 | 46.8 | 48.6 | 48.8 |
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Neugschwandtner, R.W.; Száková, J.; Pachtrog, V.; Tlustoš, P.; Kulhánek, M.; Černý, J.; Kaul, H.-P.; Wagentristl, H.; Moitzi, G.; Euteneuer, P. Exchangeable and Plant-Available Macronutrients in a Long-Term Tillage and Crop Rotation Experiment after 15 Years. Plants 2022, 11, 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040565
Neugschwandtner RW, Száková J, Pachtrog V, Tlustoš P, Kulhánek M, Černý J, Kaul H-P, Wagentristl H, Moitzi G, Euteneuer P. Exchangeable and Plant-Available Macronutrients in a Long-Term Tillage and Crop Rotation Experiment after 15 Years. Plants. 2022; 11(4):565. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040565
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeugschwandtner, Reinhard W., Jiřina Száková, Vera Pachtrog, Pavel Tlustoš, Martin Kulhánek, Jindřich Černý, Hans-Peter Kaul, Helmut Wagentristl, Gerhard Moitzi, and Pia Euteneuer. 2022. "Exchangeable and Plant-Available Macronutrients in a Long-Term Tillage and Crop Rotation Experiment after 15 Years" Plants 11, no. 4: 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040565