Hydropriming and Nutripriming of Bread Wheat Seeds Improved the Flour’s Nutritional Value of the First Unprimed Offspring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Identification and Quantification of Free Amino Acids
2.2. Concentration of Soluble Sugars
2.3. Ash, Crude Protein, and Total Starch Concentrations
3. Discussion
3.1. Amino Acids Profile and Protein Content
3.2. Soluble Sugars and Total Starch Content
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Solvents and Chemicals
4.2. Plant Material and Sample Preparation
4.3. Amino Acids Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FLD)
4.4. Determination of Soluble Sugars by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPLC-PAD)
4.5. Chemical Analysis for Ash, Crude Protein, and Total Starch
4.6. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Unprimed S1 Offspring Resulting from S0 Seeds That Were: | Concentration of Free Amino Acids (mmol∙g−1): | |||
Aspartic Acid + Asparagine | Serine | Glutamic Acid + Glutamine | Histidine | |
Untreated (control) | 0.068 ± 0.010 a | 0.086 ± 0.004 a | 0.163 ± 0.003 a | 0.017 ± 0.001 a |
Hydroprimed | 0.072 ± 0.011 a | 0.089 ± 0.003 a,b | 0.161 ± 0.003 a | 0.017 ± 0.001 a |
Nutriprimed with: | ||||
4 ppmFe + 0 ppm Zn | 0.073 ± 0.005 a,b | 0.112 ± 0.006 c | 0.233 ± 0.019 b | 0.022 ± 0.001 b,c |
8 ppmFe + 0 ppmZn | 0.078 ± 0.007 a,b | 0.117 ± 0.005 c | 0.240 ± 0.018 b | 0.018 ± 0.001 a,b |
0 ppmFe + 4 ppm Zn | 0.113 ± 0.014 b,c | 0.099 ± 0.003 a,b,c | 0.310 ± 0.007 c | 0.023 ± 0.001 c,d |
0 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 0.139 ± 0.005 c,d | 0.106 ± 0.005 a,b,c | 0.351 ± 0.01 c | 0.027 ± 0.001 c |
4 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 0.162 ± 0.012 d | 0.111 ± 0.005 c | 0.323 ± 0.009 c | 0.024 ± 0.001 c,d,e |
8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 0.106 ± 0.007 a,b,c | 0.108 ± 0.005 b,c | 0.314 ± 0.009 c | 0.027 ± 0.001 d,c |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Unprimed S1 Offspring Resulting from S0 Seeds That Were: | Concentration of Free Amino Acids (mmol∙g−1): | |||
Glycine | Arginine | Threonine | Alanine | |
Untreated (control) | 0.107 ± 0.008 a | 0.033 ± 0.002 a | 0.040 ± 0.004 a | 0.059 ± 0.003 a |
Hydroprimed | 0.110 ± 0.009 a,b | 0.034 ± 0.002 a | 0.042 ± 0.004 a | 0.060 ± 0.003 a,b |
Nutriprimed with: | ||||
4 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 0.114 ± 0.005 a,b | 0.036 ± 0.003 a | 0.038 ± 0.002 a | 0.067 ± 0.004 a,b,c |
8 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 0.105 ± 0.004 a | 0.034 ± 0.003 a | 0.037 ± 0.002 a | 0.072 ± 0.004 a,b,c,d |
0 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 0.123 ± 0.004 a,b | 0.046 ± 0.001 b | 0.042 ± 0.002 a | 0.068 ± 0.003 a,b,c |
0 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 0.126 ± 0.005 a,b | 0.050 ± 0.002 b | 0.041 ± 0.001 a | 0.079 ± 0.003 b,c,d |
4 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 0.124 ± 0.004 a,b | 0.048 ± 0.002 b | 0.042 ± 0.002 a | 0.090 ± 0.004 c |
8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 0.135 ± 0.004 b | 0.051 ± 0.001 b | 0.047 ± 0.002 a | 0.081 ± 0.006 c,d |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.001 | >0.05 | <0.001 |
Unprimed S1 Offspring Resulting fromS0 Seeds That Were: | Concentration of Free Amino Acids (mmol∙g−1): | |||
Proline | Valine | Lysine | Isoleucine | |
Unprimed S0 seeds (control) | 0.108 ± 0.002 a | 0.043 ± 0.002 a | 0.029 ± 0.001 a | 0.043 ± 0.002 a |
Hydroprimed S0 seeds | 0.108 ± 0.002 a | 0.044 ± 0.002 a | 0.030 ± 0.002 a | 0.044 ± 0.002 a |
Nutriprimed S0 seeds with: | ||||
4 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 0.142 ± 0.009 b | 0.049 ± 0.003 c,b | 0.035 ± 0.003 a,b | 0.033 ± 0.002 a,b |
8 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 0.141 ± 0.01 b | 0.047 ± 0.003 c,b | 0.036 ± 0.002 c,b | 0.032 ± 0.002 c,b |
0 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 0.189 ± 0.008 c | 0.051 ± 0.001 a,b | 0.038 ± 0.002 a,b,c | 0.037 ± 0.001 a,b |
0 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 0.189 ± 0.004 c | 0.054 ± 0.002 b | 0.045 ± 0.002 c,d | 0.039 ± 0.001 b |
4 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 0.176 ± 0.001 c | 0.052 ± 0.002 a,b | 0.047 ± 0.001 d | 0.035 ± 0.001 a,b |
8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 0.199 ± 0.002 c | 0.056 ± 0.002 b | 0.040 ± 0.002 b,c,d | 0.039 ± 0.001 b |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Unprimed S1 Offspring Resulting fromS0 Seeds That Were: | Concentration of Free Amino Acids (mmol∙g−1): | |||
Leucine | Phenylalanine | Tyrosine | Tryptophan | |
Untreated (control) | 0.061 ± 0.003 a | 0.037 ± 0.001 a | 0.019 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.008 ± 0.00 a |
Hydroprimed | 0.062 ± 0.003 a | 0.038 ± 0.002 a | 0.032 ± 0.001 b,c | 0.009 ± 0.00 c |
Nutriprimed with: | ||||
4 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 0.049 ± 0.003 c,b | 0.035 ± 0.003 a,b | 0.033 ± 0.002 a,b | 0.071 ± 0.005 a,b |
8 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 0.047 ± 0.003 c,b | 0.036 ± 0.002 c,b | 0.032 ± 0.002 c,b | 0.070 ± 0.005 c,b |
0 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 0.051 ± 0.001 a,b | 0.038 ± 0.002 a,b,c | 0.037 ± 0.001 a,b | 0.085 ± 0.003 b,c |
0 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 0.054 ± 0.002 b | 0.045 ± 0.002 c,d | 0.039 ± 0.001 b | 0.086 ± 0.002 c |
4 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 0.052 ± 0.002 a,b | 0.047 ± 0.001 d | 0.035 ± 0.001 a,b | 0.079 ± 0.002 b,c |
8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 0.056 ± 0.002 b | 0.040 ± 0.002 b,c,d | 0.039 ± 0.001 b | 0.087 ± 0.001 c |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Unprimed S1 Offspring Resulting from S0 Seeds That Were: | Concentration of the Soluble Sugars (mg∙g−1 Sample): | ||
Glucose | Sucrose | Fructose | |
Untreated (control) | 1.25 ± 0.11 a | 13.99 ± 0.34 c | 0.90 ± 0.11 b |
Hydroprimed | 1.62 ± 0.09 a,b | 9.77 ± 0.3 a | 0.70 ± 0.04 a,b |
Nutriprimed with: | |||
4 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 1.49 ± 0.06 a,b | 11.93 ± 0.66 a,b,c | 0.71 ± 0.06 a,b |
8 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 1.57 ± 0.09 a,b | 10.37 ± 0.18 a,b | 0.90 ± 0.05 b |
0 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 1.43 ± 0.08 a,b | 10.96 ± 0.63 a,b | 0.54 ± 0.03 a |
0 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 1.72 ± 0.10 a,b | 11.02 ± 0.67 a,b | 0.53 ± 0.04 a |
4 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 1.91 ± 0.27 b | 11.11 ± 0.52 a,b | 0.77 ± 0.15 a,b |
8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 1.66 ± 0.07 a,b | 12.18 ± 0.41 b,c | 0.69 ± 0.02 a,b |
p-value | <0.05 | <0.001 | <0.05 |
Unprimed S1 Offspring Resulting from S0 Seeds That Were: | Concentration of the Soluble Sugars (mg∙g−1 Sample): | ||
Raffinose | Maltose | Total sugars | |
Untreated (control) | 3.00 ± 0.08 b,c,d | 83.34 ± 2.02 c | 102.47 ± 2.18 c |
Hydroprimed | 2.22 ± 0.11 a | 62.2 ± 1.36 a,b,c | 76.5 ± 1.62 a,b |
Nutriprimed with: | |||
4 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 2.66 ± 0.1 a,b,c | 76.67 ± 9.32 b,c | 93.45 ± 9.78 b,c |
8 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 3.15 ± 0.09 c,d | 67.86 ± 2.41 a,b,c | 83.85 ± 2.57 a,b,c |
0 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 2.47 ± 0.09 a,b | 58.37 ± 3.86 a,b | 73.76 ± 4.24 a,b |
0 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 2.61 ± 0.25 a,b,c | 54.02 ± 3.86 a | 69.89 ± 4.01 a |
4 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 2.63 ± 0.22 a,b,c | 68.86 ± 7.46 a,b,c | 85.26 ± 7.3 a,b,c |
8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 3.35 ± 0.15 d | 53.3 ± 3.77 a | 71.18 ± 3.91 a,b |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.001 |
Unprimed S1 Offspring Resulting from S0 Seeds That Were: | Concentration (g∙kg−1 DM) of: | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ash | Crude Protein | Total Starch | |
Untreated (control) | 18.00 ± 0.77 a | 120.60 ± 0.70 a | 628.40 ± 5.50 d |
Hydroprimed | 22.90 ± 0.65 b | 188.80 ± 11.80 b,c,d | 546.60 ± 6.20 a,b |
Nutriprimed with: | |||
4 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 23.10 ± 1.10 b | 145.50 ± 10.30 a,b | 594.60 ± 13.30 c,d |
8 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | 22.60 ± 1.45 b | 157.70 ± 13.10 a,b,c | 630.10 ± 15.90 d |
0 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 24.40 ± 0.42 b | 201.40 ± 5.40 c,d | 560.90 ± 7.90 b,c |
0 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 24.90 ± 0.24 b | 206.70 ± 8.80 d | 537.90 ± 13.70 a,b |
4 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | 22.50 ± 0.36 b | 187.90 ± 10.60 b,c,d | 537.40 ± 8.00 a,b |
8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | 25.20 ± 0.23 b | 209.70 ± 11.20 d | 512.80 ± 7.80 a |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Unprimed S1 Offspring Resulting from: | |
---|---|
Unprimed (untreated) S0 seeds | Control |
Hydropriming (soaking in distilled water) | 0 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn |
Nutripriming with Fe and/or Zn (soaking in aqueous solutions of FeSO4.7H2O and/or ZnSO4.7H2O) | 4 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn |
8 ppm Fe + 0 ppm Zn | |
0 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | |
0 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn | |
4 ppm Fe + 4 ppm Zn | |
8 ppm Fe + 8 ppm Zn |
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Baltazar, M.; Oppolzer, D.; Carvalho, A.; Gouvinhas, I.; Ferreira, L.; Barros, A.; Lima-Brito, J. Hydropriming and Nutripriming of Bread Wheat Seeds Improved the Flour’s Nutritional Value of the First Unprimed Offspring. Plants 2023, 12, 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020240
Baltazar M, Oppolzer D, Carvalho A, Gouvinhas I, Ferreira L, Barros A, Lima-Brito J. Hydropriming and Nutripriming of Bread Wheat Seeds Improved the Flour’s Nutritional Value of the First Unprimed Offspring. Plants. 2023; 12(2):240. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020240
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaltazar, Miguel, David Oppolzer, Ana Carvalho, Irene Gouvinhas, Luis Ferreira, Ana Barros, and José Lima-Brito. 2023. "Hydropriming and Nutripriming of Bread Wheat Seeds Improved the Flour’s Nutritional Value of the First Unprimed Offspring" Plants 12, no. 2: 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020240