Ginger and Turmeric Essential Oils for Weed Control and Food Crop Protection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Composition of Ginger and Turmeric Essential Oils
2.2. Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Inhibition of P. oleracea, L. multiflorum, E. crus-galli, C. selloana, and N. glauca with Ginger and Turmeric Essential Oils
2.3. Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Effect of Ginger and Turmeric Essential Oils in Tomato, Cucumber, and Rice
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Essential Oils
3.2. Weed and Food Crop Seeds
3.3. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis
3.4. In Vitro Assays: P. oleracea, L. multiflorum, E. crus-galli, C. selloana, N. glauca, Tomato, and Rice Seed Germination and Seedling Growth with Essential Oils
3.5. Statistics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RICal | RIRef | Compound | Ginger Essential Oil Relative Area (%) | Turmeric Essential Oil Relative Area (%) | Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 19.8 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | |||
919 | 926 | Tricyclene | 0.2 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
932 | 939 | α-Pinene | 2.7 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
948 | 954 | Camphene | 11.6 ± 0.3 | - | RI, MS |
973 | 979 | β-Pinene | 0.2 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
987 | 990 | Myrcene | 1.3 ± 0.04 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
998 | 1002 | α-Phellandrene | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | RI, MS |
1004 | 1011 | δ-3-Carene | - | 0.1 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
1013 | 1017 | α-Terpinene | - | 0.1 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
1021 | 1024 | p-Cymene | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | RI, MS |
1026 | 1029 | Limonene | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
1056 | 1059 | γ-Terpinene | - | 0.2 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
1083 | 1088 | Terpinolene | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 11.8 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | |||
1029 | 1031 | 1,8-Cineole | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
1095 | 1094 | Linalool | 0.8 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
1137 | 1146 | Camphor | 0.2 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
1149 | 1153 | Citronellal | 0.2 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
1171 | 1177 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.2 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
1188 | 1188 | α-Terpineol | 0.7 ± 0.1 | - | RI, MS |
1236 | 1238 | Neral | 2.1 ± 0.1 | - | RI, MS |
1267 | 1267 | Geranial | 3.2 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
1279 | 1288 | Bornyl Acetate | 0.9 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
1378 | 1381 | Geranyl Acetate | 0.6 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 59.6 ± 0.1 | 7.2 ± 0.0 | |||
1383 | 1390 | β-Elemene | 0.6 ± 0.1 | - | RI, MS |
1414 | 1419 | β-Caryophyllene | - | 0.3 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
1427 | 1434 | α-trans-Bergamotene | 0.2 ± 0.1 | - | RI, MS |
1450 | 1456 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 1.0 ± 0.1 | - | RI, MS |
1479 | 1480 | ar-Curcumene | 10.7 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | RI, MS |
1492 | 1493 | α-Zingiberene | 24.9 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | RI, MS |
1502 | 1505 | β-Bisabolene | 10.5 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
1523 | 1522 | β-Sesquiphelladrene | 11.9 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 73.9 ± 1.4 | |||
1576 | 1583 | ar-Turmerol | - | 0.9 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
1629 | 1628 | 1-epi-Cubenol | 0.9 ± 0.2 | - | RI, MS |
1649 | 1646 | Cubenol | 0.2 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
1677 | 1669 | ar-Turmerone | - | 38.7 ± 0.8 | RI, MS |
1681 | - | α-Turmerone | - | 14.2 ± 0.9 | MS |
1709 | - | β-Turmerone | - | 18.6 ± 0.6 | MS |
1742 | 1742 | Bisabolone | - | 0.7 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
1778 | 1778 | E-α-Atlantone | - | 0.7 ± 0.0 | RI, MS |
Others | 2.4 ± 0.1 | - | |||
984 | 984 | 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-one | 2.1 ± 0.1 | - | RI, MS |
1087 | 1087 | 2-Nonanone | 0.1 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
1287 | 1287 | 2-Undecanone | 0.2 ± 0.0 | - | RI, MS |
Total | 94.6 ± 2.0 | 87.7 ± 0.7 |
Seed Germination (% ± S.E.) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dose * | Ginger essential oil | ||||
P. oleracea | L. multiflorum | E. crus-galli | C. selloana | N. glauca | |
Control | 86.00 ± 2.92 a | 60.00 ± 2.74 a | 86.00 ± 6.00 a | 82.00 ± 3.74 a | 94.00 ± 4.00 a |
0.125 | 81.00 ± 4.30 a | 50.00 ± 2.74 a,b | 79.00 ± 3.67 a | 85.00 ± 2.74 a | 85.00 ± 5.48 a |
0.25 | 77.00 ± 5.15 a | 47.00 ± 5.61 a,b | 73.00 ± 4.90 a | 81.00 ± 3.32 a | 83.00 ± 6.63 a |
0.5 | 82.00 ± 2.55 a | 47.00 ± 4.64 a,b | 69.00 ± 5.79 a | 67.00 ± 6.04 a | 79.00 ± 11.34 a |
1 | 47.00 ± 2.55 b | 32.00 ± 8.89 b | 68.00 ± 6.63 a | 46.00 ± 6.21 b | 73.00 ± 2.55 a |
Dose | Turmeric essential oil | ||||
Control | 86.00 ± 2.92 a | 60.00 ± 2.74 a | 75.00 ± 7.01 a | 82.00 ± 3.74 a | 94.00 ± 4.00 a |
0.125 | 75.00 ± 5.00 a | 50.00 ± 3.87 a | 74.00 ± 3.67 a | 46.00 ± 15.12 a,b | 85.00 ± 6.52 a |
0.25 | 71.00 ± 2.45 a | 49.00 ± 4.30 a | 71.00 ± 2.92 a | 43.00 ± 10.68 b | 86.00 ± 2.92 a |
0.5 | 70.00 ± 5.24 a | 55.00 ± 3.54 a | 71.00 ± 1.87 a | 32.00 ± 6.82 b | 87.00 ± 2.55 a |
1 | 73.00 ± 4.06 a | 49.00 ± 6.40 a | 68.00 ± 2.55 a | 15.00 ± 2.24 b | 85.00 ± 2.24 a |
*Dose | Control | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | PO | Hyp | 3.65 ± 0.22 a | 2.80 ± 0.28 b | 2.01 ± 0.12 c | 1.39 ± 0.16 c,d | 0.63 ± 0.09 d |
Rad | 2.08 ± 0.26 a | 2.07 ± 0.11 a | 1.57 ± 0.21 a | 0.89 ± 0.13 b | 0.29 ± 0.09 b | ||
LM | Hyp | 25.76 ± 0.90 a | 19.65 ± 1.52 a,b | 16.39 ± 3.58 b,c | 12.46 ± 2.79 b,c | 8.54 ± 3.16 c | |
Rad | 16.82 ± 1.93 a | 10.67 ± 1.51 a,b | 10.13 ± 2.12 a,b | 6.69 ± 1.33 b | 4.65 ± 1.85 b | ||
ECG | Hyp | 16.96 ± 1.22 a | 12.91 ± 0.33 a | 12.88 ± 0.97 a | 12.33 ± 1.82 a | 12.27 ± 1.66 a | |
Rad | 13.24 ± 0.92 a | 10.47 ± 0.89 a,b | 9.01 ± 0.75 b | 7.95 ± 1.30 b | 6.54 ± 0.90 b | ||
CS | Hyp | 4.14 ± 0.56 a | 3.92 ± 0.70 a | 2.74 ± 0.52 a,b | 1.59 ± 0.71 b | 1.09 ± 0.78 b | |
Rad | 3.88 ± 0.36 a | 3.68 ± 0.50 a | 2.63 ± 0.31 a,b | 1.56 ± 0.21 b,c | 0.96 ± 0.26 c | ||
NG | Hyp | 4.72 ± 0.30 a | 3.26 ± 0.40 a,b | 2.99 ± 0.48 a,b | 1.86 ± 0.57 b | 1.71 ± 0.22 b | |
Rad | 3.87 ± 0.23 a | 3.22 ± 0.24 a,b | 3.37 ± 0.53 a,b | 2.74 ± 0.70 a,b | 2.00 ± 0.15 b | ||
T | PO | Hyp | 3.65 ± 0.22 a | 1.97 ± 0.21 b | 1.76 ± 0.13 b | 1.51 ± 0.06 b | 1.59 ± 0.04 b |
Rad | 2.09 ± 0.26 a | 2.32 ± 0.20 a | 1.62 ± 0.18 a | 1.53 ± 0.29 a | 1.44 ± 0.12 a | ||
LM | Hyp | 25.76 ± 0.90 a | 15.34 ± 2.96 b | 16.99 ± 1.41 b | 16.85 ± 1.01 b | 17.20 ± 1.62 b | |
Rad | 16.82 ± 1.93 a | 11.60 ± 1.62 b | 10.31 ± 1.14 b | 10.70 ± 1.10 b | 10.640.64 b | ||
ECG | Hyp | 16.96 ± 1.22 a | 11.35 ± 1.42 b | 11.19 ± 1.01 b | 10.37 ± 0.58 b | 10.29 ± 0.86 b | |
Rad | 13.24 ± 0.92 a | 9.80 ± 0.97 b | 9.62 ± 0.60 b | 8.27 ± 0.50 b | 7.36 ± 0.82 b | ||
CS | Hyp | 4.14 ± 0.56 a | 1.57 ± 0.65 b | 1.12 ± 0.47 b | 0.69 ± 0.23 b | 0.09 ± 0.05 b | |
Rad | 3.88 ± 0.36 a | 0.88 ± 0.48 b | 0.72 ± 0.29 b | 0.54 ± 0.16 b | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | ||
NG | Hyp | 4.72 ± 0.30 a | 1.82 ± 0.48 b | 1.31 ± 0.24 b | 1.15 ± 0.16 b | 0.65 ± 0.17 b | |
Rad | 3.87 ± 0.23 a | 2.55 ± 0.34 b | 2.86 ± 0.09 b,c | 2.40 ± 0.16 b,c | 1.88 ± 0.12 c |
* Dose | Control | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G | To | Ger | 70.00 ± 5.48 a | 69.00 ± 6.60 a | 66.00 ± 7.97 a | 56.00 ± 5.79 a | 54.00 ± 3.32 a |
Hyp | 12.13 ± 0.80 a | 8.76 ± 1.19 a,b | 7.60 ± 1.37 b | 3.32 ± 0.40 c | 2.85 ± 0.57 c | ||
Rad | 13.64 ± 1.41 a | 10.88 ± 1.04 a,b | 8.67 ± 1.56 b,c | 6.12 ± 0.94 c,d | 3.41 ± 0.37 d | ||
C | Ger | 98.00 ± 1.23 a | 95.00 ± 2.74 a | 97.00 ± 2.00 a | 96.00 ± 2.45 a | 91.00 ± 2.45 a | |
Hyp | 10.34 ± 0.33 a | 10.48 ± 0.17 a | 10.10 ± 0.52 a | 11.23 ± 0.78 a | 11.75 ± 1.09 a | ||
Rad | 18.61 ± 0.29 a | 16.16 ± 0.54 a,b | 16.57 ± 0.85 a,b | 14.77 ± 0.74 b | 14.62 ± 1.19 b | ||
R | Ger | 97.00 ± 2.00 a | 91.00 ± 1.87 a | 94.00 ± 2.45 a | 92.00 ± 1.23 a | 91.00 ± 1.87 a | |
Hyp | 19.75 ± 2.58 a | 21.78 ± 1.99 a | 25.07 ± 1.31 a | 20.05 ± 1.05 a | 19.01 ± 1.02 a | ||
Dose | Control | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | ||
T | To | Ger | 93.00 ± 1.23 a | 85.00 ± 5.24 a | 85.00 ± 5.24 a | 78.00 ± 5.39 a | 78.00 ± 5.15 a |
Hyp | 12.64 ± 1.58 a | 9.91 ± 1.92 a | 8.62 ± 0.58 a | 7.03 ± 0.93 a | 8.77 ± 1.61 a | ||
Rad | 18.13 ± 1.01 a | 14.52 ± 1.81 a | 14.35 ± 0.26 a | 15.66 ± 3.23 a | 10.11 ± 1.77 a | ||
C | Ger | 98.00 ± 1.23 a | 92.00 ± 2.55 a | 96.00 ± 1.87 a | 100.00 ± 0.00 a | 97.00 ± 2.00 a | |
Hyp | 10.34 ± 0.33 a | 10.38 ± 0.55 a | 10.42 ± 0.71 a | 9.57 ± 0.76 a | 9.67 ± 0.08 a | ||
Rad | 18.61 ± 0.29 a | 17.61 ± 0.94 a | 17.67 ± 0.28 a | 17.00 ± 0.83 a | 16.12 ± 0.51 a | ||
R | Ger | 97.00 ± 2.00 a | 92.00 ± 1.23 a | 94.00 ± 2.92 a | 94.00 ± 2.45 a | 96.00 ± 1.87 a | |
Hyp | 19.75 ± 2.58 a | 25.18 ± 1.12 a | 26.83 ± 1.64 a | 22.15 ± 1.92 a | 21.19 ± 2.06 a |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Ibáñez, M.D.; Blázquez, M.A. Ginger and Turmeric Essential Oils for Weed Control and Food Crop Protection. Plants 2019, 8, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8030059
Ibáñez MD, Blázquez MA. Ginger and Turmeric Essential Oils for Weed Control and Food Crop Protection. Plants. 2019; 8(3):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8030059
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbáñez, María Dolores, and María Amparo Blázquez. 2019. "Ginger and Turmeric Essential Oils for Weed Control and Food Crop Protection" Plants 8, no. 3: 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8030059