A Multimode Fusion-Based Aviation Communication System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. System Design
2.1. Overall Architecture
2.2. Link Calculation
3. Hardware Design
3.1. Ad Hoc Network Communication Module
- ➀
- The optical lens data collected by the aircraft is transmitted to the ground control center via an ad hoc network link. The optical payload image and video are analyzed and displayed with the ad hoc network communication support 4K HD video transmission, transmission rate up to 20 Mbps.
- ➁
- The aircraft control computer transmits the flight status data to the ground control center through an ad hoc network link for analysis and display.
- ➂
- The aircraft control computer processes ground control command data uploaded via an ad hoc network link through the aviation multimode fusion communication terminal.
- ➃
- The ground control center can communicate bidirectionally with up to 32 aviation multimode fusion communication terminals using an aircraft ground ad hoc network communication function.
3.2. Public Network Communication Module
- ➀
- The optical data collected by the aircraft is transmitted to the ground control center via a public network communication link, where the images and videos are analyzed and displayed.
- ➁
- The aircraft control computer transmits flight status data to the ground control center via a public network communication link for analysis and display.
- ➂
- Ground control commands are transmitted to the aircraft by sending the command data to the aviation multimode fusion communication terminal via a public network communication link connected to the ground base station. The aircraft control computer processes this data.
- ➃
- In the coverage range of mobile base stations, the ground control center can communicate bidirectionally with thousands of aviation multimode fusion communication terminals.
3.3. BeiDou Satellite Communication Module
- ➀
- The aircraft control computer collects flight status data that are transmitted to the ground control center using the BeiDou satellite communication link.
- ➁
- Ground control commands are sent to the aircraft control computer via the BeiDou satellite communication link.
3.4. ADS-B Broadcasting Communication Module
- ➀
- The ADS-B communication module receives real-time messages from other aircraft broadcasts. These messages can be of various types, which will then be assembled into mode state (MS) reports following the RTCA/DO-260B standard [36]. The reports will then be sent to the flight control computer for analysis and processing. At the same time, the data will be transmitted down to the ground control center through dedicated ad hoc network links and public network links. The current air situation of the aircraft will be analyzed and displayed based on this data.
- ➁
- The ADS-B broadcast communication module receives navigation information such as longitude, latitude, altitude, and speed from the flight control computer. After inserting ME fields in DF18 format, multiple 1090ES data links are assembled to transmit various types of ADS-B messages. These messages are then broadcast through omnidirectional antennas. At the same time, the data are transmitted to the ground control center through dedicated ad hoc network links and public network links. Finally, the current situation of the aircraft is analyzed and displayed.
3.5. RTK High-Precision Positioning Module
3.6. Fusion Control Module
4. Application Testing
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abbreviation | Meaning |
Ad hoc network | infrastructureless network |
5G | the fifth generation of mobile network technology. |
RTK | real-time kinematic |
ADS-B | automatic dependent surveillance–broadcast |
JSC | joint sensing-communication |
CSUN | cooperative sensing unmanned aerial vehicle network |
D-S | Dempster–Shafer |
NOMA | non-orthogonal multiple access |
6G | the sixth generation of mobile network technology. |
UAV | unmanned aerial vehicle |
GBSs | ground base stations |
LTE | long term evolution |
OFDM | orthogonal frequency division multiplex |
SoC | system on chip |
RF | radio frequency |
5GNR | 5G new radio |
SA | standalone |
NSA | non-standalone |
FDD | frequency–division duplex |
TDD | time–division duplex |
DC | dual carrier |
HSDPA | high speed downlink packet access |
HSPA+ | evolved high speed packet access |
HSUPA | high-speed uplink packet access |
WCDMA | wideband code division multiple access |
RDSS | radio determination satellite system |
LNA | low noise amplifier |
SIM | subscriber identity module |
MS | mode state |
RTCA | radio technical commission for aeronautics |
1090ES | 1090 MHz extended squitter |
ARM | advanced risc machines |
FPGA | field-programmable gate array |
CW | continuous wave |
VCO | voltage-controlled oscillator |
RFIC | radio frequency integrated circuit |
PVT | position velocity time |
DGNSS | differential global navigation satellite system |
EMI | electromagnetic interference |
References
- Zhu, Y.; Jia, M.; Shi, Y. Analysis on current development situations, the key issues and countermeasures of China’s general aviation industry. Procedia Eng. 2017, 174, 871–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryapukhin, A. Trends in the Development of Standardization and Certification of Aviation Equipment. Transp. Res. Procedia 2023, 68, 183–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kodheli, O.; Lagunas, E.; Maturo, N.; Sharma, S.K.; Shankar, B.; Montoya, J.F.M.; Duncan, J.C.M.; Spano, D.; Chatzinotas, S.; Kisseleff, S.; et al. Satellite communications in the new space era: A survey and future challenges. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2020, 23, 70–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kantimirov, S.; Serebryansky, S. On the Issue of Weight Design of Aircraft on a Digital Platform in a Single Information Space of the Product Life Cycle. In Proceedings of the 2021 14th International Conference Management of Large-Scale System Development (MLSD), Moscow, Russian, 27–29 September 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Z.; Ling, M.; Zhu, T.; Xu, D.; He, Y.; Liu, Z. Research on the Influence and Countermeasure of Radio Interference on Maritime Generation Aviation. J. Coast. Res. 2020, 36, 252–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saraloğlu Güler, E.; Irgin, D. Maximizing Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Through Carbon Fiber Plating with Nickel: A Parameter-Based Approach. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 2024, 77, 1553–1562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elmarady, A.A.; Rahouma, K. Studying Cybersecurity in Civil Aviation, Including Developing and Applying Aviation Cybersecurity Risk Assessment. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 143997–144016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lakew, D.S.; Sa’Ad, U.; Dao, N.-N.; Na, W.; Cho, S. Routing in Flying Ad Hoc Networks: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2020, 22, 1071–1120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonati, L.; Polese, M.; D’oro, S.; Basagni, S.; Melodia, T. Open, Programmable, and Virtualized 5G Networks: State-of-the-Art and the Road Ahead. Comput. Netw. 2020, 182, 107516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Guo, S.; Lv, J.; Zhao, K.; He, Z. Introduction to global short message communication service of BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system. Adv. Space Res. 2021, 67, 1701–1708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, J.; Ouyang, C.; Huang, Y.; Peng, W. Assessment of BDS-3 global positioning service: Ephemeris, SPP, PPP, RTK, and new signal. GPS Solut. 2020, 24, 81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- An, X.; Ziebold, R.; Lass, C. From RTK to PPP-RTK: Towards real-time kinematic precise point positioning to support autonomous driving of inland waterway vessels. GPS Solut. 2023, 27, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.; Shang, T.; Guo, A. Security Issues in Automatic Dependent Surveillance—Broadcast (ADS-B): A Survey. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 122147–122167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padhi, D.K.; Padhy, N.; Bhoi, A.K.; Shafi, J.; Yesuf, S.H. An Intelligent Fusion Model with Portfolio Selection and Machine Learning for Stock Market Prediction. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2022, 2022, 7588303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, K.; Khan, K.; Al-Fuqaha, A. Intelligent Fusion of Deep Features for Improved Waste Classification. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 96495–96504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.; Li, Q. Big Data-Artificial Intelligence Fusion Technology in Education in the Context of the New Crown Epidemic. Big Data 2022, 10, 262–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, G.; Sun, Q.; Han, P. Research on Optimization Path of Intelligent Pension Industry Based on Intelligent Fusion Algorithm of Multisource Information. Sci. Program. 2021, 2021, 6193743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noh, S. Intelligent Data Fusion and Multi-Agent Coordination for Target Allocation. Electronics 2020, 9, 1563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, M.; Feng, Z.; Fan, X.; Zeng, B.; Li, J. A Structure Design of Virtual and Real Fusion Intelligent Equipment and Multimodal Navigational Interaction Algorithm. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 125982–125997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Celebi, M.E.; Zhang, Y.D.; Yu, X.; Lu, S.; Yao, X.; Zhou, Q.; Miguel, M.G.; Tian, Y.; Gorriz, J.M.; et al. Advances in data preprocessing for bio-medical data fusion: An overview of the methods, challenges, and prospects. Inf. Fusion 2021, 76, 376–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Xie, X.; Yu, B.; Li, Y.; Lin, K. Multitarget Vehicle Tracking and Motion State Estimation Using a Novel Driving Environment Perception System of Intelligent Vehicles. J. Adv. Transp. 2021, 2021, 6251399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.; Li, T.; Yuan, Z.; Luo, C.; Wang, G.; Liu, J.; Du, S. A data-level fusion model for unsupervised attribute selection in multi-source homogeneous data. Inf. Fusion 2022, 80, 87–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, C.; Wang, D.; Zeng, Y.; Yue, Y.; Siritanawan, P. Knowledge-based multimodal information fusion for role recognition and situation assessment by using mobile robot. Inf. Fusion 2019, 50, 126–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lai, J.W.; Chang, J.; Ang, L.K.; Cheong, K.H. Multi-level information fusion to alleviate network congestion. Inf. Fusion 2020, 63, 248–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Qin, Y.; Pan, Q.; Yang, Y.; Li, Z. Distributed fusion for nonlinear uncertain systems with multiplicative parameters and random delay. Signal Process. 2019, 157, 198–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, P.; Li, Y.; Chen, S.; Zhao, S. Remaining useful life prediction of IIoT-enabled complex industrial systems with hybrid fusion of multiple information sources. IEEE Internet Things J. 2021, 8, 9045–9058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Z.; Meng, Z. Aviation Surveillance Information Fusion Based on Ensemble Learning. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Information Technology, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (ICIBA), Chongqing, China, 6–8 November 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, Z.; Meng, Z. Aviation Surveillance Information Fusion Based on Multi Neural Network. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China, 11–14 December 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, X.; Feng, Z.; Wei, Z.; Gao, F.; Yuan, X. Performance of Joint Sensing-Communication Cooperative Sensing UAV Network. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2020, 69, 15545–15556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, C.; Wang, S.; Wang, X. A multi-source information fusion fault diagnosis for aviation hydraulic pump based on the new evidence similarity distance. Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 2017, 71, 392–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kong, H.; Lin, M.; Zhang, J.; Ouyang, J.; Wang, J.-B.; Upadhyay, P.K. Ergodic sum rate for uplink NOMA transmission in satellite-aerial-ground integrated networks. Chin. J. Aeronaut. 2022, 35, 58–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, D.; Sheng, M.; Li, J.; Han, Z. Aerospace Integrated Networks Innovation for Empowering 6G: A Survey and Future Challenges. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2023, 25, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, R. Multi-Beam UAV Communication in Cellular Uplink: Cooperative Interference Cancellation and Sum-Rate Maximization. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 2019, 18, 4679–4691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koulouris, C.; Dimitrios, P.; Al-Darraji, I.; Tsaramirsis, G.; Musa, M.J.; Papageorgas, P. A Preliminary Study and Implementing Algorithm Using Finite State Automaton for Remote Identification of Drones. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 2345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lizzio, F.F.; Bugaj, M.; Rostáš, J.; Primatesta, S. Comparison of Multiple Models in Decentralized Target Estimation by a UAV Swarm. Drones 2024, 8, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- RTCA. Minimum Operational Performance Standards for 1090 MHz Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services-Broadcast (TIS-B); DO-260B; RTCA Inc.: Washington, DC, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
Communication Parameters | Ad Hoc Network Communication | 5G Public Network Communication | BeiDou Satellite Communication | RTK High-Precision Positioning and Navigation | ADS-B Air Broadcast Communication |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Working Frequency | 1.4 GHz | 3.5 GHz | 1.6 GHz | 1.5 GHz | 1 GHz |
Transmission Power | 33 dBm | 23 dBm | 76 dBm | 45 dBm | 37 dBm |
Transmitter Antenna Gain | 3 dBi | 1 dBi | 1 dBi | 3 dBi | 1 dBi |
Transmission Line Loss | 1 dB | 1 dB | 1 dB | 1 dB | 1 dB |
Communication Distance | 50 km | 0.5 km | 36,000 km | 20,183 km | 15 km |
Space Loss | 129 dB | 97.25 dB | 191.5 dB | 182.4 dB | 116.67 dB |
Atmospheric Loss | 2 dB | 2 dB | 2 dB | 2 dB | 2 dB |
Receiving Antenna Gain | 3 dBi | 1 dBi | 1 dBi | 3 dBi | 1 dBi |
Receiving Terminal Line Loss | 1 dB | 1 dB | 1 dB | 1 dB | 1 dB |
Receiver Sensitivity | −102 dBm | −90 dBm | −127 dBm | −140 dBm | −89 dBm |
Link Margin | 8 dB | 13.75 dB | 9.5 dB | 4.6 dB | 7.33 dB |
Requirements | Communication Link | Implemented Functions |
---|---|---|
Image Transmission | Ad hoc Network Communication Link | Optical payload images and videos are collected from multiple aircraft lenses and transmitted to the ground control center via an ad hoc network link for analysis and display. |
Public Network Communication Link | The data collected from all aircraft optical lenses within the coverage range of the base station is transmitted to the ground control center via the public network communication link through the ground public network base station, and the optical payload images and videos are analyzed and displayed. | |
Data Transmission | Ad hoc Network Communication Link | Flight status data is collected from aircraft control computers and transmitted to the ground control center via an ad hoc network link for analysis and display. |
Public Network Communication Link | The flight status data from all aircraft control computers that fall within the coverage range of the base station is transmitted to the ground control center via a public network communication link through the ground public network base station. The ground control center then analyzes and displays the flight status data. | |
BeiDou Satellite Communication Link | The flight status data collected by the aircraft control computer is transmitted to the ground control center via the BeiDou satellite communication link and analyzed and displayed. | |
Command and Remote Control | Ad hoc Network Communication Link | Upload command data from ground control aircraft to multiple aviation multimode fusion communication terminals through ad hoc network links, and send it to the aircraft control computer for processing. |
Public Network Communication Link | The data from the ground control aircraft command is transmitted to the aviation multimode fusion communication terminal through a public network link. This is done via a ground base station and then sent to the aircraft control computer within the base station’s coverage range for processing. | |
BeiDou Satellite Communication Link | Transmit the aircraft command data to the aviation multimode fusion communication terminal via the BeiDou satellite communication link, and send it to the aircraft control computer for processing. | |
Aviation Situational Awareness | ADS-B Link |
|
High-precision Positioning Navigation | RTK Link | Providing high-precision timing, speed measurement, direction finding, and precise positioning services for aircraft. |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Qian, J.; Liu, M.; Xia, F.; Bai, Y.; Ou, D.; Kang, J. A Multimode Fusion-Based Aviation Communication System. Aerospace 2024, 11, 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090719
Qian J, Liu M, Xia F, Bai Y, Ou D, Kang J. A Multimode Fusion-Based Aviation Communication System. Aerospace. 2024; 11(9):719. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090719
Chicago/Turabian StyleQian, Jingyi, Min Liu, Feng Xia, Yunfeng Bai, Dongxiu Ou, and Jinsong Kang. 2024. "A Multimode Fusion-Based Aviation Communication System" Aerospace 11, no. 9: 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090719