Exploring Lexical Bundles in the Move Structure of English Medical Research Abstracts: A Focus on Vocabulary Levels

Abstract

Research article abstracts, the second most-read part of research papers after titles, generally follow disciplinary conventions, which are often manifested in their language use. This study analyzed lexical bundles or multi-word sequences in move texts of a one-million-word corpus of English-language medical research article abstracts, with particular attention to vocabulary levels. The most frequent lexical bundles, such as “the primary end point was”, often occurred once per text and predominantly took part in realizing a move. The coverage of the first thousand New General Service List was 63.6% for the entire corpus but was around 80% for bundles in Move 3, describing principal results, and those in Move 4, evaluating the results. Many of the sequences were research-oriented bundles, used to express research contexts. The bundles were made up of relatively accessible word items, but the sequences occurred to realize highly specific research contexts. The findings suggest that becoming familiar with the bundle may need increasing awareness of disciplinary conventions such as guideline adherences and statistical procedures. This study may offer insights on the need for learners to familiarize themselves with these bundles.

1. Introduction

In an era where information floods every aspect of academic and professional life, understanding the conventions of academic writing genres, including textual and vocabulary features, is essential (Swales 1990; Bhatia 2019; Coxhead 2020). Over the past 50 years, the academic landscape has undergone unprecedented changes, marked by a substantial increase in the number of academic papers (Hyland and Jiang 2019). This rapid growth leads to a need for learners, especially medical students, to become proficient in reading and writing research article abstracts because of the specialized nature of their disciplinary texts (Coxhead 2016; Dang 2020; Simpson 2022; Tang and Liu 2019).

Functioning as an academic, especially in English, entails engaging in a sophisticated activity framework of communication practices, particularly when constructing and disseminating scientific claims (Belcher 2016). In this system, language plays a pivotal role in forging consensus and persuading the target discourse community, a group of individuals with shared goals (Swales 1990). Academic discourse is navigated through genre texts, which are types of spoken or written texts used for specific communicative purposes (Hyon 2018, p. 3).

Written communication can be distinguished by differences in audience, purposes, content, form, style, and context (Robinson et al. 2008). Academic written language is known to be differ from academic spoken language, particularly from a vocabulary perspective (Dang et al. 2017; Coxhead and Dang 2019). Students, particularly those learning English as an additional language (EAL) need to learn the genres and conventions commonly used by community members (Brooks et al. 2023; Samraj 2016; Flowerdew 2000). This mastery is the focus of English for academic purposes (EAP) research. EAP research has two main pillars: analyzing genre-specific texts to identify communicative functions and structures (Samraj 2016), and vocabulary studies (Coxhead 2016). Both aim to aid learners’ academic development (Hyland 2016).

EAP research often involves constructing corpora to facilitate these analyses (Handford 2010). One of the central pillars of this research is genre analysis (Swales 1990). The other main pillar of EAP research, vocabulary studies, also employs corpus linguistics techniques (Nation 2005). As Storch et al. (2016) indicated, approaches to EAP are influenced by various factors, including differences in higher education systems across countries. Therefore, research-based instruction integrating multiple approaches is recommended (Hyland 2016; Storch et al. 2016). In this context, linking vocabulary quantification with rhetorical moves has been attempted by several studies (Cortes 2013; Mizumoto et al. 2017; Qi and Pan 2020; Casal and Kessler 2020). These studies illustrate the importance of combining move analysis and vocabulary studies to shed light on the features of disciplinary texts. However, to our knowledge, studies examining the vocabulary levels of word items in lexical bundles within the moves of abstracts have been scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine lexical bundles across moves in disciplinary research article abstracts with a focus on the vocabulary levels.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Move Analysis

As a key element of genre analysis framework, move analysis is “a text analytical method developed by Swales in 1981” (Moreno and Swales 2018, p. 40). Moves, as defined by Swales (2004, pp. 228–29), are “discoursal or rhetorical units performing coherent communicative functions in texts”, exhibiting variability in length and other features. The “revised Create a Research Space (CARS) model” (Swales 1990, p. 140), preceded by “a 4-Move Schema” (Swales 1981, p. 15), provides an analytical approach to understanding the structure of research article introductions. Swales (2004) refined the CARS model to include distinct move structures: “Move 1 Establishing a territory”, “Move 2 Establishing a niche”, and “Move 3 Presenting the present work” (pp. 230–32). These moves, denoting their communicative purposes, can be segmented into “Steps” (Swales 2004, p. 230) that realize “functional components” (Tankó 2017, p. 43). The move analysis approach has been applied extensively to examine research articles as a whole (Kanoksilapatham 2005; Maswana et al. 2015; Mizumoto et al. 2017; Nwogu 1997; Stoller and Robinson 2013) and abstracts (Hyland 2000; Kanoksilapatham 2009; Pho 2008; Salager-Meyer 1991, 1992; Tankó 2017) in various disciplines, including medicine.

2.2. Vocabulary Studies

Teaching common words in specific contexts helps learners effectively improve their vocabulary (Nation 2001). In support of learners, various word lists have been developed from collections of specialized texts (Browne 2013; Coxhead 2000; Coxhead and Hirsh 2007; Fraser 2007; Tang and Liu 2019; Wang et al. 2008). An early example is Thorndike’s word book for instructors (Thorndike 1921), which was later updated by Thorndike and Lorge (1944). The General Service List (GSL; West 1953) was subsequently compiled after extensive international discussions before and after World War II (Gilner 2011). Developed from a five-million-word corpus, the GSL is tailored for ESL/EFL learners and is organized into two groups of word families (Coxhead 2000). The GSL has frequently been used as a basis for developing other word lists, including the Academic Word List (AWL) of 570 word families prepared by Coxhead (2000).

Many studies utilize the GSL and AWL to develop specialized word lists. Coxhead and Hirsh (2007) created “the pilot science corpus” (p. 70) from textbooks and discipline-specific reading materials to compile a word list covering items not included in the GSL or AWL. Fraser (2007) quantified the vocabulary required by pharmacology students and compiled the Pharmacology Word List (PWL) from international pharmacology journal articles. Wang et al. (2008) investigated key medical vocabulary to support curriculum design and learning objectives and created a Medical Academic Word List (MAWL). To support medical students, Quero and Coxhead (2018) also compiled word type lists based on their medical corpora, which included texts from medical textbooks. These studies are just a few examples of the many that have used the GSL and AWL to examine the features of their corpora.

While the original GSL has been a foundational tool in language learning over 50 years, it has faced some criticism in recent time (Green and Lambert 2018). The approach of utilizing word families in the GSL and AWL has been the subject of some debate among researchers (Gardner and Davies 2014). In response to these discussions, the New General Service List (NGSL), developed by Browne and his colleagues (Browne 2013), was designed as a modern update of the original GSL. Consisting of 2801 high-frequency words with a clearer definition of a “word” and a higher coverage of general English (Dang and Webb 2016), the NGSL is viewed by some researchers as more suitable for EAL learners (Mizumoto et al. 2021). It has been suggested that EAL undergraduates may find the NGSL to offer a slightly easier learning curve, potentially making it more appropriate for learners compared to the GSL (Culligan 2019). Subsequently, the New Academic Word List (NAWL), consisting of 963 words, was developed to align with the NGSL along with other specific purpose word lists targeting mid-frequency range vocabulary. It is reported that the NGSL and the NAWL combined offer an average of 92% coverage of academic texts and lectures (Browne 2021, p. 4). These updates reflect ongoing efforts to improve vocabulary learning tools for English language learners.

2.3. Lexical Bundles

In vocabulary studies that support learning academic texts, research on multiword units, often referred to as ”lexical bundles”, is also significant (Nation 2022, p. 454). Corpus-based studies have identified these lexical bundles (Samraj 2016). The term lexical bundles is defined as “sequences of word forms” (Biber et al. 1999, p. 990) that occur frequently across texts, characterizing a genre or discipline. This concept has gained prominence in corpus linguistics research (Biber et al. 1999; Cortes 2004, 2013; Hyland 2008a). Lexical bundles have been studied extensively for helping learners develop a repertoire that is sensitive to disciplinary norms (Hyland 2012, p. 17).

A study by Cortes (2013) associated the identification of lexical bundles and rhetorical analysis of moves and steps in research article introductions. This approach has contributed to revealing essential relationships between forms and functions (Gray et al. 2020, p. 139), showing the values of prefabricated word sequences (Biber et al. 2004, p. 376) within the linguistic contexts that constitute “communicative events” (Swales 1990, p. 9).

Following Cortes (2013), several scholars have observed move-specific bundles (Mizumoto et al. 2017; Omidian et al. 2018; Qi and Pan 2020). Mizumoto et al. (2017) observed 25 moves across 1000 research articles as a whole in applied linguistics, identifying frequently occurring lexical bundles in each move. Omidian et al. (2018) identified lexical bundles in each move in research article abstracts from six disciplines such as mechanical engineering, physics, and applied linguistics. Their study has shown a marked difference in the frequency of bundles across disciplines, suggesting that researchers from different fields prioritize different aspects when presenting their work in academic abstracts (Omidian et al. 2018, p. 12). Qi and Pan (2020) performed move analysis according to Hanidar’s (2016) four-move structure and extracted lexical bundles, suggesting the role of lexical bundles in achieving the communicative goals of rhetorical sections.

These bundles, also known as “multi-word sequences” (Biber et al. 2004, p. 373; Mizumoto 2015, p. 30) or “recurrent word combination” (Chen and Baker 2010, p. 31), and synonymous with “n-grams” (Mizumoto 2015, p. 31; Stubbs and Barth 2003, p. 61), play a crucial role in the structure of discourse. These bundles often encapsulate shorter sequences, such as three-word bundles, within their four-word structures (Cortes 2004, p. 401; Hyland 2008a, p. 6). Although Stubbs and Barth (2003) question the status of n-grams as linguistic units and refer to them as “chains of word-forms” (p. 62), they acknowledge that these recurring sequences typify specific text genres. Traditionally, studies have focused on the prevalence of four-grams in academic writing, with phrases like “as a result of” and “in the context of” serving as organizers of specific texts (Cortes 2013, p. 34).

Hyland (2008a, p. 6) has shown that frequency counts “drop dramatically” when quantitating five-grams compared to four-grams, stating that “many four and five word strings” share three-grams. Cortes (2024, pp. 120–21) discusses “potential overlaps” such as the five-gram “as a result of the” extending beyond shorter sequences like “as a result”. Furthermore, Hyland and Jiang (2019, p. 110) have demonstrated that longer strings, such as the five-gram “at the beginning of the” which extend beyond the four-gram “the beginning of the” may offer deeper insights into the pedagogical applications of lexical bundles. Golparvar and Barabadi (2020, p. 6) analyzed “phrase frames” (p-frames; Cortes 2024, p. 105) in the discussion section of research articles and suggested that five-word p-frames could often be “more specific to a particular genre” compared to four-word p-frames. The most frequently occurring five-word p-frame was “are * likely to withdraw”, with fillers such as “less” and “more”, while the leading four-word p-frame was “the * of technology”, with fillers such as “use” and “adoption”. Liu and Chen (2022) have shown that five-word and six-word p-frames in university lectures reveal knowledge-disseminating and content-oriented features. Casal and Kessler (2020), who studied frequent p-frames in grant applications, demonstrated a strong association between the writers’ use of five-word p-frames and their rhetorical intentions. Using a bundle-driven approach, Li et al. (2020) found that five-word bundles contributed to identifying moves of PhD abstracts. These findings indicate that extended sequences such as five-grams may be useful for genre-specific language use and potentially provide linguistic patterns beneficial for learners.

2.4. Medical Research Abstracts

Abstracts are the most-read texts in a research paper, second only to titles, and serve as a vital standalone tool of communication (Hyland 2000). Scientists increasingly rely on abstracts as “short, concise, complete, and accurate sources of information” (Salager-Meyer et al. 2014, p. 222). Research paper abstracts act as “advance indicators of the content and structure of the following text” (Swales 1990, p. 179) and encapsulate the key findings of the research (Huckin and Olsen 1983, p. 359).

Structured abstracts have become the norm in medical literature, largely because of long-standing endorsements by journal editors, such as those from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) since 1993 (Salager-Meyer et al. 2014, p. 223). Salager-Meyer (1991) noted that among 77 medical research article abstracts, half were deemed “poorly structured” in adherence to “the Introduction, the Methods, the Results, and the Discussion (IMRAD) pattern” (p. 528). While Anderson and Maclean (1997) examined “unstructured abstracts” (p. 2) of medical article abstracts and identified a five-move structure, including an optional background, along with the purpose, method, results, and conclusion, Hanidar (2016), analyzing abstracts from various disciplines including medicine, advocated for a four-move structure, comprising “Move 1: Creating a research space, ” “Move 2: Describing research procedure”, “Move 3: Summarizing principal results”, and “Move 4: Evaluating results”. This four-move approach aligns with our corpus texts structured according to the journal’s guidelines. The studies of structured abstracts, notably by James Hartley, highlights the benefits of structured texts over traditional formats (Hartley 1993, p. 90). Hartley (1999, 2003) argued that structured abstracts, already used in medicine, could be “appropriate for applied ergonomics” (1999, p. 535) and could be “introduced into psychology journals” (2003, p. 366). His extensive work on structured abstracts was comprehensively reviewed by Zhang and Liu (2011), who have underscored “the advantages of structured abstracts over traditional ones” (p. 575).

In medical research publications, articles are often categorized by study design and must meet the requirements of specific reporting standards (Millar et al. 2019; Stosic 2022). High-quality reporting is facilitated by over 616 standardized reporting guidelines from the EQUATOR Network (2024), up from around 400 different sets (Millar et al. 2019, p. 150). Failure to adopt the guidelines may cause a manuscript to be regarded as inferior in quality by the ICMJE (Millar et al. 2019, p. 141). The ICMJE (2024) aims to enhance the quality and transparency of medical reporting. Their recommendations are broadly “accepted by biomedical journals” (Luo and Hyland 2019, p. 39) and play a crucial role (Millar et al. 2012, p. 393) in shaping the research writing standards. These initiatives appear to accelerate the standardization of research writing (Swales 2017, p. 249).

While there are no specific guidelines on language use (Stosic 2022), medical abstract conventions have been studied from the perspective of linguistic features. Salager-Meyer (1992) analyzed 84 medical abstracts and revealed the choice of verb tense and modality associated with rhetorical functions. Abdollahpour and Gholami (2018) gathered 1800 medical article abstracts from various journals. They identified four-word lexical bundles and classified them into general and technical groups by two qualified raters (Abdollahpour and Gholami 2018). Nam et al. (2016), who aimed to reformat unstructured abstracts into the IMRAD format, have found that linguistic features such as a five-word sequence “aim of this study was” would improve the effectiveness of abstract sentence classification. These studies have contributed to understanding the textual features of medical research article abstracts.

2.5. Application of Move Analysis and Vocabulary Research

Most recent studies have integrated move analysis and vocabulary research to envisage academic writing instruction (Casal and Kessler 2020; Li et al. 2020; Qi and Pan 2020). As a practical application, Mizumoto et al. (2017) developed an academic writing support tool called the “Academic Word Suggestion Machine (AWSuM)”. AWSuM integrates move analysis with lexical bundle analysis. John Morley’s (2023) “The Academic Phrasebank” serves as a general resource for academic writers. It offers examples of phraseological components organized according to the main sections of a research paper or dissertation. This integrated approach is particularly beneficial for EAL learners. For instance, first-year medical students are shown to have difficulties in reading medical research abstracts (Shimizu 2019). It was pointed out that the boundary of methods and results sections is hard to identify when the learners face sentences like “Of the 19,114 persons who were enrolled in the trial, 9525 were assigned to receive aspirin and 9589 to receive placebo” (Shimizu 2019, p. 85). These findings echo Tardy and Jwa’s (2016) observations about the challenges of learning academic writing within a discipline, suggesting the importance of integrating genre and vocabulary research for future instructional practices.

3. The Current Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the vocabulary levels of medical research article abstracts, especially lexical bundles across moves in disciplinary research article abstracts. This study identified lexical bundles across moves of research article abstracts and used the New General Service List (NGSL; Browne 2013) for examining the vocabulary levels of word items in the move texts and lexical bundles across moves. Our study poses the following research questions:

• Research Question 1: Which lexical bundles occur most frequently in specific moves within medical research abstracts?
• Research Question 2: What are the language features of lexical bundles across moves in medical research abstracts, such as the coverage of the NGSL, forms, and functions?

4. Data and Methods

4.1. Corpus

The data used in this study contain abstracts from the original research articles published in the years 2002–2020 in The New England Journal of Medicine (

Table 1. Corpus of research article abstracts.

Description	Data
Years	2002–2020
Type of texts	Research article abstracts
Number of texts	3983
Mean length of texts	303
Total number of words (tokens)	1,148,583
Total word types	22,950
NGSL and NAWL coverage
First NGSL	63.6%
First and second NGSL	71.1%
First, second, and third NGSL	75.6%
First, second, third NGSL, and NAWL	80.7%
Move tokens
Move 1	162,558
Move 2	317,349
Move 3	497,215
Move 4	171,461
Move word types
Move 1	11,897
Move 2	13,631
Move 3	14,229
Move 4	12,169

). These abstracts were selected for their “representativity, reputation, and accessibility”, according to Nwogu’s (1997, p. 121) criteria. The journal’s articles are also valued for providing regional students with essential insights into evaluating medical literature (Ogawa 2014) and understanding the practical use of language in medical writing (Jego 2012). Additionally, the journal provides official translations in the local language (Nankodo 2024).1

Each article was segmented into individual sentences. Drawing on the studies by Cortes (2013, p. 36), who identified lexical bundles in research article introductions and mapped them to specific rhetorical moves, and Mizumoto et al. (2017, p. 902), who concentrated on extracting “move-specific lexical bundles”, we segmented our corpus by sections (moves). For move identification, we adopted the methodology of Qi and Pan (2020), dividing our corpus texts “based on their own headings” (p. 112)—Background, Methods, Results, and Conclusions—to create subcorpora “Move 1: Creating a research space”, “Move 2: Describing research procedure”, “Move 3: Summarizing principal results”, and “Move 4: Evaluating results” according to Hanidar (2016, p. 14). This four-move approach aligns with our corpus texts structured according to the journal’s guidelines (The New England Journal of Medicine 2024).

The abstract texts had 1,148,583 words, as determined using AntConc (Version 4.2.4; Anthony 2023).2 The number of words in each text was quantitated using CasualConc (Version 3.0.8; Imao 2024) and was visualized using Google Colaboratory’s Python environment (Version 3.10.12). The average word count of the abstracts was 303 words, with a standard deviation of 44 words. The distribution of abstract word counts showed that 50% of the texts fell between 273 and 332 words, with a median value of 299 words (Figure 1). These findings indicate a relatively consistent length across the corpus texts.

The most frequent words in the medical research abstract corpus included many function words, with the and of ranked the first and second (

Table 2. List of the most frequent words in the abstract corpus.

Rank	Word	Freq per Mil *	Rank	Word	Freq per Mil *
1	the	52,875	26	that	4026
2	of	46,186	27	among	3982
3	in	33,594	28	than	3944
4	and	29,721	29	placebo	3852
5	to	22,601	30	an	3674
6	with	20,870	31	treatment	3428
7	a	17,658	32	after	3372
8	patients	14,357	33	is	3192
9	was	11,982	34	on	3148
10	for	10,868	35	years	3135
11	were	10,866	36	disease	3131
12	or	9611	37	not	3042
13	group	9493	38	ratio	3001
14	p	6739	39	therapy	2936
15	at	6410	40	primary	2772
16	we	5846	41	mg	2721
17	by	5437	42	associated	2714
18	from	5082	43	rate	2699
19	had	4913	44	interval	2619
20	who	4801	45	months	2585
21	as	4451	46	death	2581
22	ci	4073	47	confidence	2492
23	percent	4038	48	number	2470
24	risk	4031	49	assigned	2468
25	per	4030	50	compared	2420

* Freq per mil stands for frequency per million words.

). The top 100 words accounted for over 51% of the texts (

Table 3. Cumulative coverage of the top 100 words in the abstract corpus.

Rank	Coverage	Rank	Coverage
10	26.1%	60	44.8%
20	33.0%	70	46.7%
30	37.0%	80	48.4%
40	40.1%	90	49.9%
50	42.7%	100	51.4%

). These findings suggest that a limited set of words were quite frequently used for presenting research information. Furthermore, frequent instances of these function words and the scarcity of specialized terms suggest that studies on diverse topics were reported using similar basic vocabulary.

For the analysis with the NGSL (Version 1.01, Browne 2013) and NAWL (Version 1.01, Browne et al. 2013), we used a corpus tool, CasualConc (Imao 2024). The NGSL comprises a total of 2801 words. Separate lists categorizing the top 1000 words by frequency (first NGSL), the next 1000 words (second NGSL), and the remaining 801 words (third NGSL) were available from the AntWordProfiler website (Anthony 2024) as a resource for vocabulary profiling. In addition, a supplementary list of 174 basic words, which were not included in the aforementioned three lists, and the NAWL, consisting of 963 words, were also downloaded from the same site. By combining these five lists cumulatively, the following four stopword lists were created and imported into CasualConc for coverage analysis.

• First NGSL + Supplement
• First NGSL + Second NGSL + Supplement
• First NGSL + Second NGSL + Third NGSL + Supplement
• First NGSL + Second NGSL + Third NGSL + NAWL + Supplement

Using the stopword function of CasualConc, the word items in the lists were applied to automatically remove the target items in the preparatory step (Sarica and Luo 2021). To determine the covered word count, the word count after removal was subtracted from the total word count of the texts using Microsoft Excel (Version 2406). This procedure was repeated using the aforementioned stopword lists one by one, and the results were visualized using Python 3.10.12 in the Google Colaboratory environment (Figure 2).

The first 1000 words plus the supplementary 172 words covered 63.6% of the entire corpus, 71.1% with the first 2000 words, and 75.6% with the addition of the remaining 801 words. The NAWL yielded an additional 5.1% coverage, reaching a total coverage of 80.7%.

The comparison with previous studies showed that while the NGSL and NAWL provided greater coverage in other texts, they did not cover as much of our medical research article abstract corpus. The 2801 high-frequency words from the NGSL provided between 95% and 97% overall text coverage of English reading passages of Japan’s national university entrance examination from 2015 to 2019 (MacDonald 2019, p. 22). The NGSL and NAWL combined to provide an average coverage of 84.8% of a 7.8-million-word civil engineering research article corpus (Gilmore and Millar 2018). In contrast, the coverage of our medical research abstract corpus was lower, indicating its highly specialized vocabulary level.

4.2. Data Processing

Hyland and Jiang (2019, p. 111), following Cortes (2015, p. 205), argued that while bundle frequencies are often standardized per 10,000 words, this normalization may result in higher instances of bundles in smaller corpora. This potentially raises the frequency of word combinations that are not usually common enough to surpass the threshold. Consequently, phrases that are infrequently used might still be classified as lexical bundles after normalization (Hyland and Jiang 2019, p. 111). To mitigate this issue, we adopted multi-step approach to bundle identification, drawing on methodologies mainly from Cortes (2004), Hyland (2008a), Hyland and Jiang (2019), and Lake and Cortes (2020). Our initial step was to ensure that each abstract in our corpus had broadly similar word count in English and quantitated the abstracts (Figure 1).

Recent studies have shown that five-word bundles are likely to realize rhetorical intentions (Casal and Kessler 2020) and represent a particular genre (Golparvar and Barabadi 2020). Nam et al. (2016) studied several linguistic features for classifying unstructured abstract sentences into the IMRAD format. They found that n-grams produced the best results. However, increasing the value of “n” in n-grams did not necessarily improve classification performance. Better results were obtained with sequences such as five-grams and six-grams (Nam et al. 2016). Therefore, the present study focused on identifying five-word bundles. Initially, following the criteria for five-word p-frames set by Casal and Kessler (2020), five-word bundles appearing in at least five different texts with a raw frequency of five were identified. This was achieved with the N-Gram function of AntConc (Version 4.2.4, Anthony 2023). This process revealed 433 bundles in Move 1, 1901 in Move 2, 3349 in Move 3, and 840 in Move 4. Given the size of the move corpora (Table 1), we followed the idea of Bestgen (2020) to avoid the potential bias of smaller corpora yielding more bundles by using higher frequency thresholds. For further analysis, a threshold of appearing in at least five different texts with a raw frequency of 10 was applied.

We followed the approach of Hyland and Jiang (2019, p. 109), which involved manually removing bundles containing text-dependent noun phrases, such as “the United States”. However, we retained phrases such as “the primary end point”. This is because primary end points serve as key measures of study outcomes, as noted by Qi and Pan (2020, p. 115), and because of the substantial instructional value of items conforming to disciplinary requirements (Salager-Meyer et al. 2014; Luo and Hyland 2019; Millar et al. 2019). This strategy aimed at extracting bundles while preserving “the observation of language in use” (Sinclair 1991, p. 39) as much as possible. In this process, we followed Durrant’s (2017, p. 170) study for the exclusion of “punctuation and numerals”. We utilized AntConc’s feature for automatically omitting punctuation and digits (Viana and O’Boyle 2022, p. 119). Then, we manually excluded “overlapping word sequences” (Chen and Baker 2010, p. 33) with reference to the procedure outlined by Qi and Pan (2020, p. 113). This was done by placing the extracted bundles on spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel) and examining AntConc’s concordance lines. For example, the bundle “did not reduce the rate” showed 13 times in Move 4; all instances were from the six-word string “did not reduce the rate of”. The five-word string “not reduce the rate of” occurred 15 times, including two instances of a six-word sequence, “does not reduce the rate of” (Figure 3). Therefore, the bundle “not reduce the rate of” was listed.

The structures of the bundles were examined with reference to Biber et al. (1999, pp. 1014–24). We also referred to the procedure by Hyland (2008a, p. 10) and examples by Qi and Pan (2020, pp. 125–28). Biber et al. (1999) presented taxonomies for lexical bundles in academic prose, providing example bundles embedded in sentences. Hyland (2008a), citing Biber et al. (1999), also gave example bundles in sentences. By comparing our identified bundles to those examples, we classified our bundles accordingly. Bundles that did not fall into the categories based on the examples, such as “than in the group that”, were labeled as others.

The functions of the bundles were analyzed based on Hyland’s (2008a) classification. Hyland (2008a, p. 13) explained that research-oriented bundles “help writers to structure their activities and experiences of the real world”. Accordingly, our observation included both less specific items such as “with a use of the” and highly specific combinations such as “hazard ratio confidence interval ci” in this category. Text-oriented bundles are “concerned with the organisation of the text and its meaning as a message or argument”, and participant-oriented bundles are “focused on the writer or reader of the text” (Hyland 2008a, pp. 13–14). Based on these definitions, bundles such as “associated with an increase in” were differentiated from research-oriented sequences such as “associated with an increased risk” in classification.

5. Results

5.1. Lexical Bundles in Move Texts

5.1.1. Frequencies

We found a total of 1286 five-word lexical bundles in medical research abstracts: 71 in Move 1, 305 in Move 2, 848 in Move 3, and 62 in Move 4. The most frequently occurring bundles are shown in

Table 4. Most frequent five-word lexical bundles in Move 1.

Rank	Five-Word Lexical Bundle	Freq	Range
1	the efficacy and safety of	98	96
2	non small cell lung cancer	47	47
3	the safety and efficacy of	45	45
4	low density lipoprotein ldl cholesterol	42	42
4	with an increased risk of	42	41
6	human immunodeficiency virus type hiv	40	40
6	associated with an increased risk of	40	39
7	in patients with type diabetes	37	32
8	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd	31	31
8	coronary artery bypass grafting cabg	31	31
8	it is not known whether	31	31

,

Table 5. Most frequent five-word lexical bundles in Move 2.

Rank	Five-Word Lexical Bundle	Freq	Range
1	the primary end point was	708	705
2	at a dose of mg	325	252
3	we randomly assigned patients with	294	294
4	were randomly assigned to receive	285	278
5	primary end point was the	278	277
6	per kilogram of body weight	211	211
7	the primary outcome was the	190	190
8	in a ratio to receive	183	178
9	randomly assigned in a ratio	151	147
10	patients were randomly assigned to	149	148

,

Table 6. Most frequent five-word lexical bundles in Move 3.

Rank	Five-Word Lexical Bundle	Freq	Range
1	confidence interval ci to p	681	681
2	hazard ratio ci to p	421	272
3	percent confidence interval to p	310	155
4	of the patients in the	291	192
5	hazard ratio confidence interval ci	230	230
6	in of patients in the	225	149
7	than in the placebo group	221	173
8	similar in the two groups	208	193
9	in the placebo group p	185	138
10	a total of patients were	180	180
10	and in the placebo group	180	138

and

Table 7. Most frequent five-word lexical bundles in Move 4.

Rank	Five-Word Lexical Bundle	Freq	Range
1	associated with an increased risk	59	56
2	with an increased risk of	58	55
3	did not result in a	38	38
4	at a dose of mg	31	27
5	was associated with an increased	30	30
6	of death from any cause	27	24
6	there was no significant difference	27	27
8	than among those who received	26	26
9	out of hospital cardiac arrest	23	22
9	was associated with a higher	23	23

, and all 1286 bundles are shown in

Table A1. All lexical bundles identified by move, frequency, first NGSL coverage, structure, and function.

Move	Bundles	Freq	Range	1st N	Structure	Function
1	the efficacy and safety of	98	96	60	NP	Res
1	non small cell lung cancer	47	47	40	NP	Res
1	the safety and efficacy of	45	45	60	NP	Res
1	low density lipoprotein ldl cholesterol	42	42	20	NP	Res
1	with an increased risk of	42	41	100	PP	Res
1	human immunodeficiency virus type hiv	40	40	100	NP	Res
1	associated with an increased risk	40	39	40	VP	Res
1	in patients with type diabetes	37	32	80	PP	Res
1	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd	31	31	20	NP	Res
1	coronary artery bypass grafting cabg	31	31	0	NP	Res
1	it is not known whether	31	31	100	Ant it	Text
1	small cell lung cancer nsclc	30	30	40	NP	Res
1	human immunodeficiency virus hiv infection	28	28	20	NP	Res
1	we tested the hypothesis that	27	27	80	VP	Res
1	little is known about the	26	26	100	VP	Participant
1	out of hospital cardiac arrest	23	21	60	NP	Res
1	are at high risk for	22	22	100	VP	Res
1	human epidermal growth factor receptor	22	22	60	NP	Res
1	we conducted a study to	22	22	80	VP	Res
1	years of age or older	21	20	100	NP	Res
1	we sought to determine whether	20	20	100	VP	Res
1	hepatitis c virus hcv infection	19	19	0	NP	Res
1	of human immunodeficiency virus hiv	19	19	40	PP	Res
1	influenza a h n virus	18	18	20	NP	Res
1	high density lipoprotein hdl cholesterol	17	17	20	NP	Res
1	is a major cause of	17	17	100	VP	Participant
1	the human immunodeficiency virus hiv	17	17	40	NP	Res
1	acute respiratory distress syndrome ards	16	16	0	NP	Res
1	hepatitis c virus hcv genotype	16	16	0	NP	Res
1	in patients with atrial fibrillation	16	15	60	PP	Res
1	to reduce the risk of	16	16	100	PP	Res
1	we conducted a randomized trial	16	16	40	VP	Res
1	are at increased risk for	15	15	100	VP	Res
1	has been shown to reduce	15	15	100	VP	Text
1	proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type	15	15	20	NP	Res
1	transcatheter aortic valve replacement tavr	15	15	0	NP	Res
1	we evaluated the effect of	15	15	80	VP	Res
1	with hepatitis c virus hcv	15	15	20	PP	Res
1	epidermal growth factor receptor egfr	14	14	40	NP	Res
1	has been shown to be	14	13	100	VP	Text
1	may reduce the risk of	14	14	100	VP	Participant
1	we evaluated the efficacy of	14	14	60	VP	Res
1	we evaluated the safety and	14	14	60	VP	Res
1	with human immunodeficiency virus hiv	14	14	40	PP	Res
1	diffuse large b cell lymphoma	13	9	40	NP	Res
1	st segment elevation myocardial infarction	13	13	0	NP	Res
1	the treatment of patients with	13	13	100	NP	Res
1	allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation	12	12	20	NP	Res
1	angiotensin converting enzyme ace inhibitors	12	12	0	NP	Res
1	in patients with heart failure	12	12	80	PP	Res
1	primary percutaneous coronary intervention pci	12	12	0	NP	Res
1	the most common cause of	12	12	100	NP	Participant
1	we assessed the efficacy and	12	12	60	VP	Res
1	cardiovascular events in patients with	11	10	80	NP	Res
1	continuous positive airway pressure cpap	11	11	40	NP	Res
1	cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	11	11	0	NP	Res
1	has not been well studied	11	11	100	VP	Participant
1	methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa	11	11	0	NP	Res
1	patients with chronic kidney disease	11	9	60	NP	Res
1	patients with relapsed or refractory	11	10	60	NP	Res
1	patients with type diabetes mellitus	11	11	60	NP	Res
1	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus	11	11	0	NP	Res
1	the long term effects of	11	11	100	NP	Res
1	the risk of cardiovascular events	11	11	80	NP	Res
1	we examined the effect of	11	11	80	VP	Res
1	with acute myeloid leukemia aml	11	11	20	PP	Res
1	data are lacking on the	10	10	100	VP	Participant
1	graft versus host disease gvhd	10	10	20	NP	Res
1	mutations in the gene encoding	10	10	40	NP	Res
1	of death from any cause	10	10	100	PP	Res
1	patients with severe aortic stenosis	10	10	40	NP	Res
2	the primary end point was	708	705	80	VP	Res
2	at a dose of mg	325	252	60	PP	Res
2	we randomly assigned patients with	294	294	60	VP	Res
2	were randomly assigned to receive	285	278	60	VP	Res
2	primary end point was the	278	277	80	VP	Res
2	per kilogram of body weight	211	211	80	PP	Res
2	the primary outcome was the	190	190	60	VP	Res
2	in a ratio to receive	183	178	80	PP	Res
2	randomly assigned in a ratio	151	147	40	VP	Res
2	patients were randomly assigned to	149	148	60	VP	Res
2	randomized double blind placebo controlled	134	134	20	NP	Res
2	assigned in a ratio to	127	123	60	VP	Res
2	to with higher scores indicating	125	105	100	PP	Res
2	years of age or older	125	121	100	NP	Res
2	were randomly assigned in a	124	120	60	VP	Res
2	double blind placebo controlled trial	120	120	20	NP	Res
2	was a composite of death	93	88	80	VP	Res
2	the primary outcome was a	90	90	60	VP	Res
2	outcome was a composite of	79	77	60	VP	Res
2	we randomly assigned patients to	79	79	60	VP	Res
2	per square meter of body	75	75	60	PP	Res
2	we conducted a randomized double	72	72	40	VP	Res
2	the primary efficacy end point	71	70	60	NP	Res
2	we randomly assigned patients who	70	70	60	VP	Res
2	secondary end points included the	53	53	80	VP	Res
2	with the use of a	53	52	100	PP	Res
2	with the use of the	53	50	100	PP	Res
2	the efficacy and safety of	52	51	60	NP	Res
2	scores range from to with	51	42	100	NP	Res
2	of death from any cause	50	47	100	PP	Res
2	reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction	50	50	0	NP	Res
2	with higher scores indicating more	45	43	100	PP	Res
2	a total of patients with	44	44	100	NP	Res
2	between the ages of and	44	43	100	PP	Res
2	to years of age with	44	43	100	PP	Res
2	the primary end points were	43	43	80	VP	Res
2	we conducted a double blind	43	43	40	VP	Res
2	in this randomized double blind	41	41	40	PP	Res
2	mg per deciliter mmol per	40	29	40	NP	Res
2	the primary outcome measure was	39	39	60	VP	Res
2	to years of age who	39	39	100	PP	Res
2	we conducted a multicenter randomized	38	38	40	VP	Res
2	double blind placebo controlled phase	37	37	20	NP	Res
2	of death from cardiovascular causes	37	33	80	PP	Res
2	the primary efficacy outcome was	37	37	40	VP	Res
2	a double blind placebo controlled	34	33	40	NP	Res
2	change from baseline in the	34	31	80	NP	Res
2	the primary outcome was death	34	34	60	VP	Res
2	was death from any cause	34	34	100	VP	Res
2	were to years of age	34	33	100	VP	Res
2	were randomly assigned to undergo	33	33	40	VP	Res
2	ml per minute per m	31	23	80	NP	Res
2	this double blind placebo controlled	31	31	40	NP	Res
2	at a dose of µg	30	24	60	PP	Res
2	forced expiratory volume in second	30	30	60	NP	Res
2	in a randomized double blind	30	30	40	PP	Res
2	on the basis of the	29	29	100	PP	Text
2	outcome was the rate of	29	27	80	VP	Res
2	were years of age or	29	29	100	VP	Res
2	assessed with the use of	28	27	80	VP	Res
2	end point was the percentage	28	28	80	VP	Res
2	the presence or absence of	28	28	60	NP	Text
2	we randomly assigned patients in	28	28	60	VP	Res
2	assigned to receive mg of	27	26	60	VP	Res
2	or death from cardiovascular causes	26	24	80	NP	Res
2	the primary safety end point	26	24	60	NP	Res
2	trial we assigned patients with	26	26	60	VP	Res
2	double blind randomized placebo controlled	25	25	20	NP	Res
2	mg per day or placebo	25	24	60	NP	Res
2	nonfatal myocardial infarction nonfatal stroke	25	24	0	NP	Res
2	double blind trial we randomly	24	24	20	NP	Res
2	placebo controlled trial we randomly	24	24	40	NP	Res
2	on the modified rankin scale	23	20	40	PP	Res
2	to receive either mg of	23	23	80	VP	Res
2	a total of patients were	22	22	100	NP	Res
2	end point was death from	22	22	100	VP	Res
2	placebo controlled phase trial we	22	22	40	NP	Res
2	the change from baseline to	22	21	80	NP	Res
2	the two primary end points	22	22	80	NP	Res
2	we conducted a randomized trial	22	22	40	VP	Res
2	weight in kilograms divided by	22	22	60	NP	Res
2	divided by the square of	21	21	60	VP	Res
2	patients with moderate to severe	21	21	60	NP	Res
2	performed with the use of	21	21	100	VP	Res
2	randomized double blind trial we	21	21	20	NP	Res
2	secondary end points included overall	21	21	60	NP	Res
2	the patients were randomly assigned	21	21	60	VP	Res
2	was a sustained virologic response	21	21	60	VP	Res
2	weeks after the end of	21	21	100	NP	Res
2	assigned patients with type diabetes	20	20	60	VP	Res
2	at a dose of or	20	17	80	PP	Res
2	composite of death myocardial infarction	20	19	40	NP	Res
2	end point was a sustained	20	20	80	VP	Res
2	health related quality of life	20	20	100	NP	Res
2	in the score on the	20	18	100	PP	Res
2	nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal	20	20	20	NP	Res
2	out of hospital cardiac arrest	20	18	60	NP	Res
2	we randomly assigned adults with	20	20	60	VP	Res
2	children to months of age	19	19	100	NP	Res
2	end points were overall survival	19	19	60	VP	Res
2	free survival and overall survival	19	19	40	NP	Res
2	in the intention to treat	19	18	80	PP	Res
2	on a scale of to	19	17	80	PP	Res
2	or placebo in addition to	19	19	80	NP	Res
2	outcome was the composite of	19	18	60	VP	Res
2	to mg per deciliter to	19	16	60	PP	Res
2	a time to event analysis	18	15	100	NP	Res
2	at a dose of to	18	16	80	PP	Res
2	double blind phase trial we	18	18	20	NP	Res
2	ejection fraction of or less	18	18	60	NP	Res
2	randomly assigned to one of	18	18	60	VP	Res
2	the primary composite end point	18	18	60	NP	Res
2	was the composite of death	18	17	80	VP	Res
2	after the end of treatment	17	17	100	PP	Res
2	at the end of the	17	16	100	PP	Res
2	end point was the composite	17	15	80	VP	Res
2	hours after the onset of	17	17	80	NP	Res
2	in this phase trial we	17	17	60	PP	Res
2	investigator assessed progression free survival	17	17	20	NP	Res
2	mg per kilogram every weeks	17	10	60	NP	Res
2	non small cell lung cancer	17	16	40	NP	Res
2	patients were assigned to receive	17	15	80	VP	Res
2	progression free survival and overall	17	17	40	NP	Res
2	we conducted a retrospective cohort	17	17	40	VP	Res
2	were randomly assigned to a	17	17	60	VP	Res
2	a left ventricular ejection fraction	16	16	20	NP	Res
2	a scale from to with	16	15	80	NP	Res
2	key secondary end point was	16	16	80	VP	Res
2	mg twice daily or placebo	16	15	40	NP	Res
2	or death from any cause	16	16	100	NP	Res
2	randomization was stratified according to	16	16	60	VP	Res
2	randomized placebo controlled double blind	16	16	20	NP	Res
2	secondary end points were the	16	16	80	VP	Res
2	the between group difference in	16	14	100	NP	Text
2	the coprimary end points were	16	16	80	VP	Res
2	the median follow up was	16	16	80	VP	Res
2	the primary end point of	16	16	80	NP	Res
2	the safety and efficacy of	16	16	60	NP	Res
2	the time to the first	16	14	100	NP	Res
2	to with lower scores indicating	16	14	100	PP	Res
2	we conducted an open label	16	16	60	VP	Res
2	we enrolled patients who had	16	16	80	VP	Res
2	who had not previously received	16	16	80	VP	Res
2	a composite of death myocardial	15	15	60	NP	Res
2	according to the intention to	15	15	80	PP	Res
2	analyzed with the use of	15	13	80	VP	Res
2	during the period from through	15	14	100	PP	Res
2	end points were progression free	15	15	80	VP	Res
2	every weeks for up to	15	14	100	NP	Res
2	in this multicenter double blind	15	15	40	PP	Res
2	of to mg per deciliter	15	13	60	PP	Res
2	open label phase trial we	15	15	40	NP	Res
2	the composite of death from	15	15	80	NP	Res
2	the percentage of patients with	15	13	80	NP	Res
2	the primary safety outcome was	15	15	40	VP	Res
2	a composite of cardiovascular death	14	12	60	NP	Res
2	after the end of therapy	14	14	80	PP	Res
2	as compared with placebo in	14	14	80	PP	Res
2	at the time of the	14	13	100	PP	Res
2	death myocardial infarction or stroke	14	14	40	NP	Res
2	free survival as assessed by	14	14	60	NP	Res
2	in a ratio to undergo	14	14	60	PP	Res
2	mg per kilogram per day	14	11	60	NP	Res
2	or hospitalization for heart failure	14	14	60	NP	Res
2	patients who had a response	14	13	100	NP	Res
2	to years of age and	14	14	100	PP	Res
2	was the percentage of patients	14	14	80	VP	Res
2	we conducted a randomized controlled	14	14	60	VP	Res
2	we randomly assigned women with	14	14	60	VP	Res
2	a composite of death or	13	13	80	PP	Res
2	and randomly assigned them to	13	13	60	VP	Res
2	bmi the weight in kilograms	13	13	60	NP	Res
2	boundary of the confidence interval	13	13	40	NP	Res
2	end point was disease free	13	13	100	VP	Res
2	end point was the first	13	9	100	VP	Res
2	in a double blind fashion	13	13	40	PP	Res
2	in this double blind phase	13	13	40	PP	Res
2	key secondary end points were	13	13	80	VP	Res
2	of body surface area and	13	13	80	PP	Res
2	patients with hcv genotype infection	13	10	40	NP	Res
2	patients with relapsed or refractory	13	13	60	NP	Res
2	placebo for weeks the primary	13	12	60	NP	Res
2	point was investigator assessed progression	13	13	40	VP	Res
2	primary end point was disease	13	13	80	VP	Res
2	primary end point was survival	13	13	60	VP	Res
2	psoriasis area and severity index	13	13	40	NP	Res
2	randomized trial we assigned patients	13	13	40	NP	Res
2	sustained virologic response at weeks	13	13	60	NP	Res
2	time to event analysis was	13	12	100	NP	Res
2	to years of age to	13	12	100	PP	Res
2	trial to evaluate the efficacy	13	13	40	NP	Res
2	we performed a randomized double	13	13	60	VP	Res
2	were followed for up to	13	13	100	VP	Res
2	who did not have a	13	13	100	VP	Res
2	years of age or younger	13	13	100	NP	Res
2	a dose of either mg	12	11	60	NP	Res
2	aspirin at a dose of	12	11	60	NP	Res
2	at a daily dose of	12	11	80	PP	Res
2	at a dose of iu	12	10	60	PP	Res
2	between and years of age	12	12	100	PP	Res
2	body mass index bmi the	12	12	40	NP	Res
2	determined with the use of	12	12	100	VP	Res
2	end point was the annualized	12	12	80	VP	Res
2	estimated with the use of	12	12	100	VP	Res
2	evaluated with the use of	12	12	80	VP	Res
2	for a median of years	12	12	80	PP	Res
2	in this double blind trial	12	12	40	PP	Res
2	measured with the use of	12	12	100	VP	Res
2	mg once daily or placebo	12	12	60	NP	Res
2	of patients who had a	12	12	100	PP	Res
2	on the basis of a	12	12	100	PP	Text
2	real time polymerase chain reaction	12	12	40	NP	Res
2	secondary end point was the	12	12	80	VP	Res
2	st segment elevation myocardial infarction	12	12	0	NP	Res
2	than years of age who	12	12	100	PP	Res
2	the percentage of patients who	12	11	80	PP	Res
2	the primary composite outcome was	12	12	40	VP	Res
2	the primary objective was to	12	12	60	VP	Res
2	the primary outcome was day	12	12	60	VP	Res
2	the primary outcome was survival	12	12	40	VP	Res
2	the primary outcomes were the	12	12	60	VP	Res
2	the secondary end points were	12	12	80	VP	Res
2	to years of age in	12	11	100	PP	Res
2	trial in which patients with	12	12	80	NP	Res
2	was the time to the	12	11	100	VP	Res
2	we evaluated the effect of	12	12	80	VP	Res
2	we evaluated the efficacy of	12	12	60	VP	Res
2	we performed a multicenter randomized	12	12	60	VP	Res
2	were at high risk for	12	12	100	VP	Res
2	were randomly assigned to the	12	12	60	VP	Res
2	with a by factorial design	12	12	80	PP	Res
2	a by factorial design we	11	11	80	NP	Res
2	a noninferiority margin of percentage	11	11	40	NP	Res
2	an estimated glomerular filtration rate	11	11	60	NP	Res
2	an intention to treat basis	11	11	80	NP	Res
2	assessed in a time to	11	8	80	VP	Res
2	assigned to one of three	11	11	80	VP	Res
2	controlled trial involving patients with	11	11	80	PP	Res
2	death from coronary heart disease	11	10	80	PP	Res
2	disease patients were randomly assigned	11	11	60	VP	Res
2	dose of mg every weeks	11	11	60	NP	Res
2	dose of to mg per	11	10	60	NP	Res
2	factorial design we randomly assigned	11	11	40	NP	Res
2	from no symptoms to death	11	11	80	PP	Res
2	in the intensive care unit	11	11	80	PP	Res
2	in this double blind randomized	11	11	40	PP	Res
2	of less than mm hg	11	7	60	PP	Res
2	of the confidence interval for	11	11	60	PP	Res
2	open label randomized controlled trial	11	11	40	NP	Res
2	patients at high risk for	11	11	100	NP	Res
2	patients were stratified according to	11	11	80	VP	Res
2	patients who had had a	11	11	100	NP	Res
2	patients with type diabetes who	11	11	80	NP	Res
2	peginterferon alfa a and ribavirin	11	7	40	NP	Res
2	per square meter on day	11	8	60	NP	Res
2	randomly assigned them to receive	11	11	60	VP	Res
2	safety outcome was major bleeding	11	11	40	VP	Res
2	single nucleotide polymorphisms snps in	11	11	40	NP	Res
2	the principal safety outcome was	11	11	40	VP	Res
2	the rate of death from	11	10	100	NP	Res
2	to evaluate the efficacy and	11	11	60	VP	Res
2	to one of three groups	11	11	100	PP	Res
2	was a secondary end point	11	11	80	VP	Res
2	was death from cardiovascular causes	11	11	80	VP	Res
2	we randomly assigned patients years	11	11	60	VP	Res
2	who had a response to	11	11	100	VP	Res
2	who received a diagnosis of	11	10	80	VP	Res
2	within hours after symptom onset	11	11	60	PP	Res
2	a glycated hemoglobin level of	10	8	60	NP	Res
2	a multicenter double blind randomized	10	10	20	NP	Res
2	a multicenter randomized open label	10	10	40	NP	Res
2	and the primary end point	10	10	80	NP	Res
2	area under the curve auc	10	10	60	NP	Res
2	bone mineral density at the	10	8	40	NP	Res
2	cardiovascular death myocardial infarction or	10	10	40	NP	Res
2	cisplatin mg per square meter	10	10	20	NP	Res
2	clinical trial we randomly assigned	10	10	20	NP	Res
2	controlled study we randomly assigned	10	10	60	NP	Res
2	coprimary end points were the	10	10	80	VP	Res
2	data and safety monitoring board	10	10	60	NP	Res
2	death from any cause myocardial	10	10	80	NP	Res
2	estimated glomerular filtration rate gfr	10	10	40	NP	Res
2	evaluation criteria in solid tumors	10	10	20	NP	Res
2	had been randomly assigned to	10	9	60	VP	Res
2	less than copies per milliliter	10	10	60	Oth	Res
2	less than per cubic millimeter	10	9	60	Oth	Res
2	median follow up was years	10	10	80	VP	Res
2	noninferiority trial we randomly assigned	10	10	20	NP	Res
2	of at least mg per	10	8	80	PP	Res
2	older than years of age	10	10	100	Oth	Res
2	patients in the placebo group	10	10	80	NP	Res
2	proportional hazards models were used	10	10	60	VP	Res
2	ranges from to with higher	10	10	100	VP	Res
2	tested for an association between	10	9	80	VP	Res
2	the primary outcome measures were	10	10	60	VP	Res
2	to evaluate the efficacy of	10	10	60	VP	Res
2	to receive subcutaneous injections of	10	10	60	VP	Res
2	trial we enrolled patients with	10	10	60	NP	Res
2	we conducted a randomized open	10	10	60	VP	Res
2	we conducted a randomized placebo	10	10	40	VP	Res
2	we randomly assigned participants with	10	10	40	VP	Res
2	weeks days to weeks days	10	9	100	NP	Res
2	were assigned in a ratio	10	10	60	VP	Res
2	were randomly assigned to either	10	10	60	VP	Res
2	were randomly assigned to treatment	10	10	60	VP	Res
3	confidence interval ci to p	681	681	20	NP	Res
3	hazard ratio ci to p	421	272	20	NP	Res
3	percent confidence interval to p	310	155	40	NP	Res
3	of the patients in the	291	192	100	PP	Res
3	hazard ratio confidence interval ci	230	230	0	NP	Res
3	in of patients in the	225	149	100	PP	Res
3	than in the placebo group	221	173	80	Oth	Res
3	similar in the two groups	208	193	100	Oth	Text
3	in the placebo group p	185	138	60	PP	Res
3	a total of patients were	180	180	100	VP	Res
3	and in the placebo group	180	138	80	PP	Res
3	did not differ significantly between	176	163	60	VP	Text
3	a median follow up of	168	165	80	NP	Res
3	in of the patients in	168	114	100	PP	Res
3	occurred in patients in the	160	110	100	VP	Res
3	there was no significant difference	152	142	100	VP	Text
3	the placebo group hazard ratio	149	107	40	NP	Res
3	was confidence interval ci to	148	148	40	VP	Res
3	occurred in of the patients	145	119	100	VP	Res
3	were similar in the two	145	143	100	VP	Text
3	in the placebo group hazard	143	103	60	PP	Res
3	patients in the placebo group	142	105	80	NP	Res
3	as compared with in the	139	118	100	PP	Text
3	group hazard ratio ci to	138	109	40	NP	Res
3	there were no significant differences	134	128	100	VP	Text
3	percent percent confidence interval to	131	58	60	NP	Res
3	percent confidence interval to percent	123	62	60	NP	Res
3	mg per deciliter mmol per	121	60	40	NP	Res
3	occurred in of patients in	117	102	100	VP	Res
3	hazard ratio percent confidence interval	115	63	20	NP	Res
3	relative risk percent confidence interval	115	55	40	NP	Res
3	a total of patients underwent	109	109	80	VP	Res
3	confidence interval ci to and	107	107	40	NP	Res
3	difference percentage points ci to	104	70	60	NP	Res
3	group hazard ratio confidence interval	97	97	20	NP	Res
3	in the intention to treat	96	84	80	PP	Res
3	odds ratio ci to p	96	61	20	NP	Res
3	percentage points confidence interval ci	96	96	20	NP	Res
3	was similar in the two	95	89	100	VP	Text
3	percent confidence interval to and	94	71	60	NP	Res
3	confidence interval ci to in	93	93	40	NP	Res
3	difference percentage points confidence interval	90	90	40	NP	Res
3	ci to and ci to	89	67	60	NP	Res
3	relative risk ci to p	88	51	40	NP	Res
3	was percent confidence interval to	85	66	60	VP	Res
3	interval ci to p and	84	84	40	NP	Res
3	median progression free survival was	83	78	40	VP	Res
3	group as compared with the	79	74	100	NP	Text
3	vs hazard ratio ci to	79	44	20	PP	Res
3	than in the control group	78	60	100	Oth	Res
3	group and in in the	76	63	100	NP	Text
3	group as compared with of	74	65	100	NP	Text
3	group confidence interval ci to	74	74	40	NP	Res
3	group and patients in the	71	53	100	NP	Res
3	ratio ci to p and	71	59	40	NP	Res
3	the most common adverse events	71	71	80	NP	Res
3	ratio confidence interval to p	69	69	20	NP	Res
3	those in the placebo group	69	54	80	NP	Res
3	and of patients in the	68	60	100	PP	Res
3	risk confidence interval ci to	68	68	40	NP	Res
3	in the control group p	66	48	80	PP	Res
3	of death from any cause	66	61	100	PP	Res
3	years of age or older	66	54	100	NP	Res
3	a total of of the3	65	63	100	NP	Text
3	after a median follow up	65	64	80	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group and	64	50	80	PP	Res
3	the median progression free survival	64	60	40	NP	Res
3	there were no significant between	64	63	100	VP	Text
3	were randomly assigned to receive	63	57	60	VP	Res
3	group and percent in the	62	49	100	NP	Res
3	in the group that received	62	34	100	PP	Res
3	hazard ratio for disease progression	61	61	40	NP	Res
3	of the primary end point	61	56	80	PP	Res
3	patients were randomly assigned to	61	60	60	VP	Res
3	patients in the control group	60	40	100	NP	Res
3	respectively hazard ratio ci to	60	46	20	Oth	Res
3	the intention to treat analysis	60	58	80	NP	Res
3	and ci to in the	59	51	80	NP	Res
3	associated with an increased risk	58	54	100	VP	Res
3	death confidence interval ci to	58	58	40	NP	Res
3	in the medical therapy group	58	26	60	PP	Res
3	adverse events of grade or	57	54	60	NP	Res
3	as compared with of those	57	47	100	PP	Text
3	ci to p for noninferiority	57	51	40	NP	Res
3	group and the placebo group	56	45	80	NP	Res
3	group hazard ratio for death	56	53	60	NP	Res
3	to and ci to respectively	56	47	60	PP	Res
3	at a median follow up	55	53	80	PP	Res
3	of patients in the placebo	55	50	80	PP	Res
3	percentage points ci to p	54	41	40	NP	Res
3	adverse events were similar in	53	53	80	VP	Res
3	between group difference in the	53	50	100	NP	Res
3	for disease progression or death	53	52	80	PP	Res
3	of the patients who received	53	36	100	PP	Res
3	the median overall survival was	53	48	40	VP	Res
3	hazard ratio confidence interval to	52	52	20	NP	Res
3	survival was months in the	52	47	80	VP	Res
3	in the placebo group had	51	45	80	VP	Res
3	ratio for disease progression or	51	51	60	NP	Res
3	significant between group difference in	51	49	100	NP	Text
3	the primary outcome occurred in	51	51	60	VP	Res
3	group and in of patients	50	41	100	NP	Res
3	of those in the placebo	50	37	80	PP	Res
3	percentage points confidence interval to	50	50	40	NP	Res
3	as compared with of patients	49	43	100	PP	Res
3	by the log rank test	48	36	60	PP	Res
3	the primary end point was	48	44	80	VP	Res
3	in the combination therapy group	47	22	60	PP	Res
3	in the standard therapy group	47	20	80	PP	Res
3	there was no significant between	47	46	100	VP	Text
3	a total of patients in	46	45	100	NP	Res
3	as compared with percent of	46	40	100	PP	Res
3	group and months in the	46	42	100	NP	Res
3	serious adverse events occurred in	46	44	80	VP	Res
3	in of those in the	45	37	100	PP	Text
3	ml per minute per m	45	19	80	NP	Res
3	was significantly higher in the	45	44	80	VP	Text
3	adjusted odds ratio ci to	44	26	20	NP	Res
3	and in of the patients	44	38	100	PP	Res
3	of in the placebo group	44	33	80	PP	Res
3	were more common in the	44	42	100	VP	Text
3	p for the comparison of	43	21	60	NP	Res
3	primary end point occurred in	43	39	80	VP	Res
3	the modified intention to treat	43	35	60	NP	Res
3	a total of of patients4	42	40	100	NP	Res
3	adverse events occurred in of	42	39	80	VP	Res
3	ci to p and the	42	37	60	NP	Res
3	in the intervention group and	42	24	80	PP	Res
3	per person years in the	42	21	100	PP	Res
3	was significantly lower in the	42	41	80	VP	Text
3	as compared with of the	41	39	100	PP	Text
3	at a dose of mg	41	26	60	PP	Res
3	during a median follow up	41	41	80	PP	Res
3	group and of in the	41	35	100	NP	Res
3	the proportion of patients with	41	37	80	NP	Res
3	of the patients who underwent	40	39	80	PP	Res
3	the median follow up was	40	38	80	VP	Res
3	confidence interval ci to with	39	39	40	NP	Res
3	as compared with the placebo	38	36	80	PP	Res
3	confidence interval ci to for	38	38	40	NP	Res
3	in of the patients who	38	25	100	PP	Res
3	increase in the risk of	38	28	100	NP	Res
3	the percentage of patients with	38	33	80	NP	Res
3	and percent confidence interval to	37	30	60	NP	Res
3	group relative risk ci to	37	29	60	NP	Res
3	group relative risk confidence interval	37	37	40	NP	Res
3	in the placebo group relative	37	30	60	PP	Res
3	the rate of death from	37	33	100	NP	Res
3	were confidence interval ci to	37	37	40	VP	Res
3	as compared with the control	36	32	100	PP	Res
3	ci to in the placebo	36	29	60	NP	Res
3	of death from cardiovascular causes	36	35	80	PP	Res
3	or death ci to p	36	34	60	NP	Res
3	reduction in the risk of	36	25	80	NP	Res
3	vs relative risk ci to	36	16	40	PP	Res
3	adjusted hazard ratio ci to	35	22	20	NP	Res
3	person years of follow up	35	29	100	NP	Res
3	the rate of the primary	35	27	80	NP	Res
3	group hazard ratio in the	34	33	60	NP	Res
3	in the group assigned to	34	17	80	PP	Res
3	odds ratio confidence interval to	34	34	20	NP	Res
3	the placebo group in the	34	30	80	NP	Res
3	hazard ratio ci to and	33	29	40	NP	Res
3	in of participants in the	33	18	80	PP	Res
3	percent in the placebo group	33	30	80	NP	Res
3	progression or death confidence interval	33	33	40	NP	Res
3	underwent randomization were assigned to	33	33	40	VP	Res
3	in the risk of death	32	28	100	PP	Res
3	in the two study groups	32	31	100	PP	Res
3	median follow up period of	32	32	80	NP	Res
3	of the participants in the	32	22	80	PP	Res
3	the incidence of adverse events	32	30	60	NP	Res
3	were more likely to have	32	29	100	VP	Participant
3	in percent of the patients	31	28	100	PP	Res
3	group confidence interval to p	30	30	40	NP	Res
3	p for the comparison with	30	22	60	NP	Res
3	the hazard ratio for death	30	23	60	NP	Res
3	the presence or absence of	30	28	60	NP	Text
3	adjusted odds ratio percent confidence	29	20	20	NP	Res
3	adverse events was similar in	29	29	80	VP	Res
3	group and in of the	29	25	100	NP	Res
3	group than in the standard	29	20	100	NP	Res
3	in and of the patients	29	28	100	PP	Res
3	in the mg group and	29	20	80	PP	Res
3	months vs. months hazard ratio	29	23	40	NP	Res
3	patients in the rivaroxaban group	29	15	80	NP	Res
3	percent and percent respectively p	29	25	60	NP	Res
3	percent of patients in the	29	15	100	NP	Res
3	percent of those in the	29	22	100	NP	Res
3	reduction in the rate of	29	25	80	NP	Res
3	relative risk confidence interval to	29	29	40	NP	Res
3	the percentage of patients who	29	24	80	NP	Res
3	younger than years of age	29	26	100	Oth	Res
3	adverse events were reported in	28	28	80	VP	Res
3	patients who could be evaluated	28	24	80	NP	Res
3	the median age of the	28	28	80	NP	Res
3	a mean follow up of	27	27	100	NP	Res
3	among the patients in the	27	22	100	PP	Res
3	and of the patients in	27	26	100	PP	Res
3	differences in the rates of	27	26	100	NP	Res
3	incidence rate ratio ci to	27	12	40	NP	Res
3	patients were assigned to the	27	25	80	VP	Res
3	percent of the patients in	27	19	100	NP	Res
3	percent vs. percent p and	27	26	60	NP	Res
3	between the ages of and	26	17	100	PP	Res
3	group p for both comparisons	26	23	60	NP	Res
3	in the standard care group	26	12	100	PP	Res
3	months confidence interval ci to	26	26	40	NP	Res
3	odds ratio ci to and	26	19	40	NP	Res
3	percent percent and percent respectively	26	15	80	NP	Res
3	rate ratio ci to p	26	15	40	NP	Res
3	the median age was years	26	26	80	VP	Res
3	a primary end point event	25	24	80	NP	Res
3	adjusted odds ratio confidence interval	25	25	0	NP	Res
3	an intention to treat analysis	25	25	80	NP	Res
3	as compared with patients in	25	25	100	PP	Res
3	change from baseline in the	25	22	80	NP	Text
3	for death from any cause	25	24	100	PP	Res
3	in the control group vs	25	20	80	PP	Res
3	in the intensive therapy group	25	12	60	PP	Res
3	mmol per liter in the	25	11	60	NP	Res
3	months ci to in the	25	17	80	NP	Res
3	of adverse events were similar	25	25	80	VP	Res
3	outcome occurred in of patients	25	25	80	VP	Res
3	progression free survival was significantly	25	24	40	VP	Res
3	received at least one dose	25	23	80	VP	Res
3	reported in of the patients	25	25	100	VP	Res
3	the data and safety monitoring	25	25	60	NP	Res
3	the risk of death from	25	19	100	NP	Res
3	a difference of percentage points	24	17	80	NP	Res
3	a total of patients with	24	24	100	NP	Res
3	and were included in the	24	24	100	VP	Text
3	death percent confidence interval to	24	18	60	NP	Res
3	group and the control group	24	23	100	NP	Res
3	group percent confidence interval to	24	15	60	NP	Res
3	in of patients who received	24	17	100	PP	Res
3	in the rivaroxaban group and	24	12	80	PP	Res
3	in the vaccine group and	24	15	80	PP	Res
3	no significant differences in the	24	22	100	NP	Text
3	of the patients treated with	24	19	100	PP	Res
3	and of the patients respectively	23	20	80	NP	Res
3	as compared with those who	23	17	100	PP	Text
3	associated with an increase in	23	23	100	VP	Text
3	during a mean follow up	23	23	100	PP	Res
3	end point occurred in patients	23	19	100	VP	Res
3	events occurred in of the	23	23	100	VP	Res
3	follow up of years the	23	23	100	NP	Res
3	followed for a median of	23	23	80	VP	Res
3	in the high dose group	23	12	80	PP	Res
3	of percentage points ci to	23	21	60	PP	Res
3	of the patients assigned to	23	16	80	PP	Res
3	outcome occurred in patients in	23	22	80	VP	Res
3	the weight in kilograms divided	23	23	60	NP	Res
3	therapy group than in the	23	17	80	NP	Res
3	there were deaths in the	23	23	100	VP	Res
3	vs odds ratio ci to	23	18	20	PP	Res
3	with a median follow up	23	23	80	PP	Res
3	with of patients in the	23	22	100	PP	Res
3	a dose of mg per	22	14	60	NP	Res
3	as compared with percent in	22	21	100	PP	Res
3	as compared with placebo was	22	19	80	VP	Res
3	between the groups in the	22	21	100	PP	Res
3	confidence interval to p for	22	17	40	NP	Res
3	difference confidence interval ci to	22	22	40	NP	Res
3	difference in the rate of	22	22	100	NP	Res
3	events occurred in of patients	22	20	100	NP	Res
3	follow up period of years	22	22	100	NP	Res
3	group hazard ratio for disease	22	22	60	NP	Res
3	had a sustained virologic response	22	15	60	VP	Res
3	in the per protocol analysis	22	20	80	PP	Res
3	in the usual care group	22	13	80	PP	Res
3	months in the placebo group	22	20	80	NP	Res
3	patients were included in the	22	22	100	VP	Res
3	percentage of patients with a	22	19	80	NP	Res
3	placebo hazard ratio ci to	22	20	20	NP	Res
3	rates of serious adverse events	22	22	80	NP	Res
3	ratio for death in the	22	22	80	NP	Res
3	the ages of and years	22	16	100	NP	Res
3	the objective response rate was	22	22	80	VP	Res
3	the upper limit of the	22	20	80	NP	Res
3	there was no evidence of	22	22	100	VP	Text
3	vs in the placebo group	22	20	60	PP	Res
3	was ci to in the	22	19	80	VP	Res
3	was significantly longer in the	22	22	80	VP	Text
3	with respect to the primary	22	22	80	PP	Res
3	a total of patients received	21	21	100	NP	Res
3	at years was in the	21	15	100	PP	Res
3	end point occurred in of	21	21	100	VP	Res
3	free survival was significantly longer	21	20	60	VP	Res
3	hazard ratio for death p	21	20	40	NP	Res
3	in the per protocol population	21	16	80	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group of	21	20	80	PP	Res
3	median age of the patients	21	21	80	NP	Res
3	occurred in and of the	21	20	100	VP	Res
3	of the patients who were	21	19	100	PP	Res
3	on the basis of the	21	20	100	PP	Text
3	participants in the placebo group	21	16	60	NP	Res
3	patients in the intervention group	21	11	80	NP	Res
3	patients were assigned to receive	21	19	80	VP	Res
3	rate of sustained virologic response	21	16	60	NP	Res
3	serious adverse events were reported	21	21	80	VP	Res
3	significant difference between the two	21	21	100	NP	Text
3	survival was months ci to	21	18	60	VP	Res
3	the group given mg of	21	10	80	NP	Res
3	the overall response rate was	21	20	80	VP	Res
3	there were no serious adverse	21	21	80	VP	Res
3	was associated with a significantly	21	20	80	VP	Text
3	were included in the analysis	21	21	100	VP	Res
3	were percent confidence interval to	21	17	60	VP	Res
3	were reported in of the	21	21	100	VP	Res
3	a percent reduction in the	20	14	80	NP	Res
3	adjusted hazard ratio confidence interval	20	20	0	NP	Res
3	as compared with months in	20	17	100	PP	Res
3	at the end of the	20	18	100	PP	Res
3	ci to p and a	20	19	60	NP	Res
3	control group hazard ratio for	20	18	60	NP	Res
3	difference between the two groups	20	20	100	NP	Text
3	for the primary end point	20	19	80	PP	Res
3	group odds ratio ci to	20	15	40	NP	Res
3	group odds ratio confidence interval	20	20	20	NP	Res
3	in of infants in the	20	8	80	PP	Res
3	in of patients assigned to	20	15	80	PP	Res
3	in the intensive care unit	20	20	80	PP	Res
3	interquartile range to in the	20	10	80	NP	Res
3	less than copies per milliliter	20	15	60	Oth	Res
3	occurred in of patients receiving	20	19	100	VP	Res
3	the mean age of the	20	20	100	NP	Res
3	the median duration of response	20	20	60	NP	Res
3	therapy was associated with a	20	18	80	VP	Res
3	to years of age and	20	18	100	PP	Res
3	were followed for a median	20	20	80	VP	Res
3	were more frequent in the	20	19	80	VP	Text
3	were randomly assigned to the	20	20	60	VP	Res
3	were to years of age	20	13	100	VP	Res
3	years of follow up the	20	18	100	NP	Res
3	a total of participants were	19	19	80	NP	Res
3	confidence interval to in the	19	12	60	NP	Res
3	confidence interval to percent and	19	16	60	NP	Res
3	did not differ significantly among	19	18	60	VP	Text
3	follow up period of months	19	19	100	NP	Res
3	forced expiratory volume in second	19	19	60	NP	Res
3	group as compared with percent	19	18	100	NP	Res
3	group percent vs. percent p	19	16	60	NP	Res
3	hazard ratio for death from	19	16	60	NP	Res
3	in of the patients and	19	18	100	PP	Res
3	modified intention to treat population	19	15	60	NP	Res
3	of adverse events was similar	19	19	80	VP	Res
3	of percentage points confidence interval	19	19	40	PP	Res
3	of years of follow up	19	18	100	PP	Res
3	p for the comparison between	19	13	60	NP	Res
3	patients who underwent randomization were	19	19	60	VP	Res
3	per deciliter μmol per liter	19	10	40	PP	Res
3	primary outcome occurred in patients	19	19	60	VP	Res
3	rate of progression free survival	19	16	60	NP	Res
3	relative risk ci to and	19	17	60	NP	Res
3	survival was months confidence interval	19	19	40	VP	Res
3	vs hazard ratio confidence interval	19	19	0	PP	Res
3	who were randomly assigned to	19	15	60	VP	Res
3	a median of years of	18	17	80	NP	Res
3	absolute risk difference percentage points	18	15	60	NP	Res
3	and percent of those in	18	17	100	NP	Res
3	and the placebo group in	18	16	80	NP	Res
3	associated with a reduction in	18	17	80	VP	Text
3	ci to p by the	18	12	60	NP	Res
3	confidence interval for the difference	18	15	60	NP	Res
3	confidence interval to p by	18	16	40	NP	Res
3	duration of follow up was	18	18	80	NP	Res
3	end point event occurred in	18	17	100	VP	Res
3	in the control group had	18	17	100	PP	Res
3	in the group given mg	18	8	80	PP	Res
3	in the sirolimus stent group	18	8	60	PP	Res
3	intervention group and in the	18	15	80	NP	Res
3	level was mg per deciliter	18	15	60	VP	Res
3	months hazard ratio for death	18	18	60	NP	Res
3	occurred more frequently in the	18	17	80	VP	Res
3	of ci to in the	18	11	80	PP	Res
3	on the modified rankin scale	18	15	40	PP	Res
3	p and the rate of	18	16	80	NP	Res
3	p for both comparisons with	18	16	60	NP	Res
3	percent confidence interval to as	18	15	60	NP	Res
3	rates of adverse events were	18	18	80	NP	Res
3	respectively relative risk ci to	18	15	40	NP	Res
3	significant differences between the two	18	18	100	NP	Text
3	the patients in the placebo	18	16	80	NP	Res
3	therapy group and in the	18	13	80	NP	Res
3	to with higher scores indicating	18	18	100	PP	Text
3	was associated with a higher	18	18	100	VP	Text
3	was associated with a reduction	18	18	80	VP	Text
3	was associated with a significant	18	18	100	VP	Text
3	with a reduction in the	18	17	80	PP	Text
3	and death from any cause	17	14	100	NP	Res
3	did not differ between the	17	17	80	VP	Text
3	group and in the mg	17	12	80	NP	Res
3	group and in the standard	17	10	100	NP	Res
3	group hazard ratio for progression	17	17	40	NP	Res
3	hazard ratio for death with	17	15	60	NP	Res
3	in of the patients with	17	16	100	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group percent	17	16	80	PP	Res
3	intervention group than in the	17	14	80	NP	Res
3	mean follow up of years	17	17	100	NP	Res
3	of patients who underwent randomization	17	17	60	PP	Res
3	of those who received placebo	17	15	80	PP	Res
3	patients were enrolled in the	17	15	80	VP	Res
3	per kilogram of body weight	17	17	80	PP	Res
3	per person years ci to	17	8	80	PP	Res
3	reached the primary end point	17	16	80	VP	Res
3	the adjusted hazard ratio for	17	13	40	NP	Res
3	the time to the first	17	13	100	NP	Res
3	to the primary end point	17	16	80	PP	Res
3	was associated with a lower	17	17	100	VP	Text
3	were percent percent and percent	17	11	100	VP	Res
3	were significantly higher in the	17	17	80	VP	Text
3	adverse events were more common	16	15	80	VP	Res
3	and to the control group	16	16	100	PP	Res
3	as compared with ci to	16	14	80	PP	Res
3	as compared with patients with	16	15	100	PP	Res
3	associated with the risk of	16	14	100	VP	Res
3	characteristics were similar in the	16	16	80	VP	Text
3	confidence interval ci to or	16	16	40	NP	Res
3	did not differ significantly from	16	16	60	VP	Text
3	differences between the groups in	16	16	100	NP	Text
3	grade or adverse events were	16	16	60	VP	Res
3	group as compared with months	16	14	100	NP	Res
3	health related quality of life	16	16	100	NP	Res
3	in an intention to treat	16	16	80	PP	Res
3	in the aspirin group and	16	9	80	PP	Res
3	in the intervention group than	16	13	80	PP	Res
3	in the rate of death	16	14	100	PP	Res
3	in the two groups respectively	16	15	80	PP	Res
3	in the zoledronic acid group	16	5	60	PP	Res
3	incidence of adverse events was	16	16	60	NP	Res
3	mean age of the patients	16	16	100	NP	Res
3	median duration of response was	16	16	60	NP	Res
3	occurred in patients assigned to	16	13	80	VP	Res
3	of grade or higher were	16	16	80	VP	Res
3	or death from any cause	16	14	100	NP	Res
3	patients in the rituximab group	16	7	80	NP	Res
3	per person years hazard ratio	16	6	60	PP	Res
3	percent confidence interval to respectively	16	14	40	NP	Res
3	percent in the control group	16	12	100	NP	Res
3	percent vs. percent relative risk	16	12	60	NP	Res
3	percentage points ci to and	16	13	60	NP	Res
3	significant difference between the groups	16	12	100	NP	Res
3	the group receiving mg of	16	9	80	NP	Res
3	the hazard ratio for the	16	14	60	NP	Res
3	the incidence of the primary	16	15	60	NP	Res
3	the median time to the	16	14	80	NP	Res
3	the rate of adverse events	16	16	80	NP	Res
3	those years of age or	16	14	100	NP	Res
3	to in the control group	16	15	100	PP	Res
3	to percent confidence interval to	16	10	60	PP	Res
3	was not associated with a	16	16	100	VP	Text
3	was significantly greater in the	16	15	80	VP	Text
3	were percent and percent respectively	16	13	80	VP	Res
3	were years of age or	16	16	100	VP	Res
3	years hazard ratio ci to	16	9	40	NP	Res
3	a significant reduction in the	15	13	80	NP	Res
3	a total of patients had	15	15	100	VP	Res
3	a total of women were	15	15	100	VP	Res
3	among the patients who received	15	13	100	NP	Res
3	among those who received placebo	15	14	80	NP	Res
3	and months respectively hazard ratio	15	11	40	NP	Res
3	as compared with those with	15	15	100	PP	Res
3	blood pressure was mm hg	15	13	40	VP	Res
3	body mass index the weight	15	15	60	NP	Res
3	bone mineral density at the	15	10	40	NP	Res
3	ci to p for superiority	15	14	40	NP	Res
3	death confidence interval to p	15	15	40	NP	Res
3	for a median of years	15	15	80	PP	Res
3	free survival was months with	15	14	80	VP	Res
3	from any cause hazard ratio	15	13	60	PP	Res
3	group p for the comparison	15	12	60	NP	Res
3	group vs. in the placebo	15	14	60	NP	Res
3	in and of patients respectively	15	14	80	PP	Res
3	in the control group and	15	13	100	PP	Res
3	in the pci group and	15	10	80	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group difference	15	14	80	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group for	15	12	80	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group were	15	15	80	VP	Res
3	in the surgery group and	15	8	80	PP	Res
3	in the two groups in	15	14	100	PP	Res
3	incidence of serious adverse events	15	15	60	NP	Res
3	less than mg per deciliter	15	7	60	Oth	Res
3	median follow up was years	15	15	80	VP	Res
3	mg group and in the	15	12	80	NP	Res
3	months in the control group	15	15	100	NP	Res
3	occurred in of participants in	15	11	80	VP	Res
3	occurred in of patients who	15	15	100	VP	Res
3	occurred in of the participants	15	12	80	VP	Res
3	of progression free survival was	15	13	60	VP	Res
3	of the women in the	15	10	100	PP	Res
3	over a median follow up	15	15	80	PP	Res
3	patients who had a response	15	14	100	NP	Res
3	per minute per m of	15	13	100	PP	Res
3	percent as compared with percent	15	15	100	NP	Res
3	randomization were assigned to the	15	15	60	VP	Res
3	respectively hazard ratio confidence interval	15	15	0	NP	Res
3	serious adverse events were similar	15	15	80	VP	Res
3	than among those who received	15	15	100	Oth	Res
3	the placebo group and the	15	14	80	NP	Res
3	the primary efficacy end point	15	15	60	NP	Res
3	therapy group as compared with	15	14	80	NP	Res
3	vaccine group and in the	15	11	80	NP	Res
3	was associated with an increase	15	15	100	VP	Text
3	was confidence interval to p	15	15	40	VP	Res
3	was months and months respectively	15	10	80	VP	Res
3	was observed in of patients	15	14	80	VP	Res
3	with an increase in the	15	15	100	PP	Res
3	with the use of the	15	14	100	PP	Res
3	years of age or younger	15	13	100	NP	Res
3	a total of participants underwent	14	14	60	VP	Res
3	adverse events occurred in patients	14	13	80	VP	Res
3	an increased risk of death	14	13	100	NP	Res
3	and in the mg group	14	11	80	PP	Res
3	between the two treatment groups	14	14	100	PP	Res
3	by confidence interval ci to	14	14	40	PP	Res
3	cause hazard ratio ci to	14	11	40	NP	Res
3	ci to for death from	14	7	80	NP	Res
3	ci to in the group	14	6	80	NP	Res
3	ci to p and in	14	14	60	NP	Res
3	ci to p for the	14	9	60	NP	Res
3	ci to p hazard ratio	14	11	20	NP	Res
3	death from any cause or	14	13	100	NP	Res
3	death from any cause was	14	14	100	VP	Res
3	difference in the incidence of	14	14	80	NP	Res
3	group p for all comparisons	14	11	60	NP	Res
3	groups did not differ significantly	14	14	60	VP	Text
3	in the change from baseline	14	14	80	PP	Res
3	in the control group in	14	13	100	PP	Res
3	in the endovascular repair group	14	5	60	PP	Res
3	in the group receiving mg	14	6	80	PP	Res
3	in the low dose group	14	6	80	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group as	14	14	80	PP	Res
3	in the subgroup of patients	14	11	80	PP	Res
3	in the treatment group and	14	5	100	PP	Res
3	in the two treatment groups	14	14	100	PP	Res
3	length of stay in the	14	12	80	NP	Res
3	major bleeding occurred in patients	14	11	80	VP	Res
3	no serious adverse events were	14	14	80	VP	Res
3	of patients vs. of patients	14	11	80	PP	Res
3	patients confidence interval ci to	14	14	40	NP	Res
3	patients years of age or	14	10	100	NP	Res
3	percent confidence interval for the	14	11	60	NP	Res
3	primary outcome event occurred in	14	13	60	VP	Res
3	rates of sustained virologic response	14	13	60	NP	Res
3	ratio ci to p but	14	14	40	NP	Res
3	ratio ci to p or	14	14	40	NP	Res
3	response rate was ci to	14	12	80	VP	Res
3	the change from baseline in	14	13	80	NP	Res
3	the control group in the	14	13	100	NP	Res
3	the most common adverse event	14	14	80	NP	Res
3	the proportion of patients who	14	14	80	NP	Res
3	the rates of adverse events	14	14	80	NP	Res
3	the trial was stopped early	14	14	80	VP	Res
3	there were also no significant	14	14	100	VP	Text
3	times the upper limit of	14	13	80	NP	Res
3	treatment related adverse events of	14	13	80	NP	Res
3	was achieved in of patients	14	10	100	VP	Res
3	was of patients in the	14	12	100	VP	Res
3	a median of days after	13	11	80	NP	Res
3	and months ci to in	13	11	80	NP	Res
3	and of women in the	13	9	100	NP	Res
3	as compared with those in	13	12	100	PP	Res
3	at the time of the	13	13	100	PP	Res
3	cases per person years in	13	7	100	NP	Res
3	ci to p as was	13	13	60	VP	Res
3	ci to p for trend	13	7	40	NP	Res
3	common grade or adverse events	13	13	60	NP	Res
3	confidence interval to p as	13	13	40	NP	Res
3	days confidence interval ci to	13	13	40	NP	Res
3	death from coronary heart disease	13	9	80	NP	Res
3	difference between the groups in	13	11	100	NP	Res
3	difference in risk percentage points	13	8	80	NP	Res
3	dose of mg per kilogram	13	9	40	NP	Res
3	duration of progression free survival	13	12	40	NP	Res
3	for a median of months	13	13	80	PP	Res
3	free survival was months and	13	12	80	VP	Res
3	group absolute difference percentage points	13	10	60	NP	Res
3	group and days in the	13	13	100	NP	Res
3	group in the mg group	13	8	80	NP	Res
3	group risk difference percentage points	13	10	80	NP	Res
3	hazard ratio for death or	13	11	60	NP	Res
3	hazard ratio was ci to	13	12	40	VP	Res
3	in of the patients receiving	13	10	100	PP	Res
3	in of those who received	13	8	100	PP	Res
3	in the combined therapy group	13	5	60	PP	Res
3	in the conventional therapy group	13	8	60	PP	Res
3	in the group receiving the	13	8	100	PP	Res
3	in the mg tofacitinib group	13	5	60	PP	Res
3	in the standard treatment group	13	5	100	PP	Res
3	observed in of the patients	13	13	80	VP	Res
3	of log copies per milliliter	13	9	40	PP	Res
3	of patients who had a	13	12	100	PP	Res
3	of serious adverse events was	13	13	80	VP	Res
3	of the composite end point	13	10	80	PP	Res
3	of the patients who had	13	13	100	PP	Res
3	of the primary outcome was	13	13	60	VP	Res
3	patients in the aspirin group	13	8	80	NP	Res
3	percentage of patients who were	13	11	80	NP	Res
3	placebo p for both comparisons	13	11	40	NP	Res
3	risk ratio ci to p	13	12	40	NP	Res
3	significantly more patients in the	13	12	80	NP	Res
3	survival hazard ratio for death	13	12	40	NP	Res
3	survival was months and months	13	9	80	VP	Res
3	that in the placebo group	13	12	80	NP	Res
3	the area under the curve	13	11	80	NP	Res
3	the rate of grade or	13	10	80	NP	Res
3	the two groups were similar	13	13	100	VP	Text
3	venous thromboembolism occurred in of	13	11	60	VP	Res
3	was also associated with a	13	13	100	VP	Text
3	was cells per cubic millimeter	13	13	60	VP	Res
3	was ci to and the	13	11	80	VP	Res
3	was more frequent in the	13	12	80	VP	Res
3	was observed in of the	13	13	80	VP	Res
3	were more likely to be	13	13	100	VP	Participant
3	with a reduced risk of	13	10	100	PP	Res
3	adjusted hazard ratio for death	12	7	40	NP	Res
3	among the patients who were	12	11	100	VP	Res
3	and p for the comparison	12	8	60	NP	Res
3	and percentage points ci to	12	9	60	NP	Res
3	and serious adverse events were	12	12	80	VP	Res
3	and the hazard ratio for	12	12	60	NP	Res
3	and were more likely to	12	12	100	VP	Participant
3	ci to and in the	12	10	80	NP	Res
3	ci to hazard ratio for	12	11	40	NP	Res
3	ci to p and death	12	10	60	NP	Res
3	ci to p for both	12	12	60	NP	Res
3	difference percent percent confidence interval	12	9	60	NP	Res
3	during the follow up period	12	12	100	PP	Res
3	end point of death from	12	11	100	NP	Res
3	end point was in the	12	10	100	VP	Res
3	from any cause ci to	12	12	80	PP	Res
3	group p and in the	12	12	80	NP	Res
3	had a higher rate of	12	12	100	VP	Text
3	had occurred in of patients	12	10	100	VP	Res
3	in the control group percent	12	9	100	PP	Res
3	in the ldl cholesterol level	12	10	60	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group died	12	11	80	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group with	12	11	80	PP	Res
3	in the proportion of patients	12	11	80	PP	Res
3	not associated with an increased	12	12	100	VP	Text
3	occurred in participants in the	12	12	80	VP	Res
3	of follow up was years	12	12	100	VP	Res
3	of in the control group	12	11	100	PP	Res
3	of the children in the	12	8	100	PP	Res
3	of the infants in the	12	6	80	PP	Res
3	of the patients in group	12	5	100	PP	Res
3	other adverse events were similar	12	12	80	VP	Res
3	outcome event occurred in of	12	11	80	VP	Res
3	patients in the surgery group	12	9	80	NP	Res
3	patients vs. patients hazard ratio	12	9	40	NP	Res
3	patients who did not have	12	12	100	NP	Res
3	percentage points ci to for	12	6	60	NP	Res
3	rate of overall survival was	12	12	60	NP	Res
3	response rate was in the	12	12	100	VP	Res
3	risk of death from any	12	11	100	NP	Res
3	serious adverse events in the	12	12	80	NP	Res
3	the median follow up period	12	12	80	NP	Res
3	the placebo group had a	12	11	80	VP	Res
3	the placebo group vs. p	12	12	40	NP	Res
3	the primary end point of	12	12	80	NP	Res
3	the risk of death was	12	11	100	VP	Res
3	there was a trend toward	12	12	80	VP	Text
3	to p as was the	12	12	80	PP	Res
3	vs hazard ratio for death	12	11	40	PP	Res
3	vs in the control group	12	9	80	PP	Res
3	was in the placebo group	12	9	80	VP	Res
3	year in the placebo group	12	10	80	NP	Res
3	a higher percentage of patients	11	10	80	NP	Res
3	a percent increase in the	11	5	100	NP	Res
3	a relative reduction of in	11	11	60	NP	Res
3	a significantly increased risk of	11	10	80	NP	Res
3	a total of children were	11	11	100	VP	Res
3	among patients who did not	11	9	100	PP	Text
3	among patients who had a	11	9	100	PP	Text
3	among patients years of age	11	8	100	PP	Res
3	and ci to for the	11	9	80	NP	Res
3	as compared with with placebo5	11	9	80	PP	Res
3	at the end of treatment	11	9	100	PP	Res
3	between group difference percentage points	11	10	80	PP	Res
3	between the two study groups	11	11	100	PP	Res
3	death hazard ratio ci to	11	11	40	NP	Res
3	did not differ significantly in	11	11	60	VP	Text
3	event occurred in of patients	11	10	100	VP	Res
3	group and months ci to	11	9	80	NP	Res
3	group had died relative risk	11	9	80	VP	Res
3	groups in the rates of	11	11	100	NP	Res
3	had an increased risk of	11	11	100	VP	Res
3	had no significant effect on	11	11	100	VP	Text
3	hazard ratio for disease recurrence	11	9	40	NP	Res
3	in the active treatment group	11	5	80	PP	Res
3	in the apixaban group and	11	6	80	PP	Res
3	in the control group adjusted	11	9	80	PP	Res
3	in the hypothermia group and	11	7	80	PP	Res
3	in the paclitaxel stent group	11	5	60	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group incidence	11	8	60	PP	Res
3	in the t pr group	11	5	80	PP	Res
3	in the watchful waiting group	11	6	80	PP	Res
3	liter percent confidence interval to	11	6	40	NP	Res
3	mean change from baseline in	11	10	80	NP	Res
3	mg per deciliter in the	11	5	60	NP	Res
3	no significant differences among the	11	11	100	NP	Text
3	no significant differences were observed	11	11	80	VP	Text
3	occurred in and of patients	11	9	100	VP	Res
3	occurred in patients who received	11	10	100	VP	Res
3	occurred in percent of the	11	11	100	VP	Res
3	of grade or higher occurred	11	11	80	PP	Res
3	of less than mg per	11	7	80	PP	Res
3	patients had at least one	11	11	100	VP	Res
3	patients in the apixaban group	11	6	80	NP	Res
3	patients in the pci group	11	6	80	NP	Res
3	patients who did not receive	11	9	100	NP	Res
3	percent confidence interval to or	11	10	60	NP	Res
3	percent vs. percent p or	11	11	60	NP	Res
3	placebo hazard ratio confidence interval	11	11	0	NP	Res
3	progression free survival rate was	11	10	60	VP	Res
3	rate of serious adverse events	11	11	80	NP	Res
3	rate of the primary outcome	11	11	60	NP	Res
3	reported in of patients in	11	11	100	VP	Res
3	risk of death from cardiovascular	11	11	80	NP	Res
3	the end of the study	11	11	100	NP	Res
3	the most frequent adverse events	11	11	60	NP	Res
3	the patients randomly assigned to	11	8	60	NP	Res
3	the placebo group p and	11	11	60	NP	Res
3	the primary composite end point	11	11	60	NP	Res
3	the rate of freedom from	11	9	80	NP	Res
3	the rates of the primary	11	11	80	NP	Res
3	to hazard ratio ci to	11	7	40	PP	Res
3	was associated with a percent	11	10	100	VP	Text
3	was more common in the	11	11	100	VP	Text
3	were ci to ci to	11	11	60	VP	Res
3	were lost to follow up	11	10	100	VP	Res
3	were randomly assigned to a	11	11	60	VP	Res
3	who did not have a	11	11	100	VP	Res
3	who received at least one	11	9	100	VP	Res
3	who received placebo p for	11	7	60	VP	Res
3	women in the placebo group	11	9	80	NP	Res
3	years confidence interval ci to	11	11	40	NP	Res
3	a glycated hemoglobin level of	10	7	60	NP	Res
3	a significant increase in the	10	9	100	NP	Res
3	a significantly lower risk of	10	9	80	NP	Res
3	a total of cases of	10	10	100	NP	Res
3	a total of infants were	10	10	80	VP	Res
3	a total of participants in	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	an increase in the risk	10	9	100	NP	Res
3	and events per person years	10	9	100	NP	Res
3	and in the group receiving	10	6	100	PP	Res
3	and of participants in the	10	7	80	NP	Res
3	and percent in the group	10	9	100	NP	Res
3	and percent respectively in the	10	6	80	NP	Res
3	as compared with percent among	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	as compared with placebo p	10	7	60	PP	Res
3	at months the rate of	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	at to years of age	10	7	100	PP	Res
3	at years the rate of	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	bleeding occurred in of patients	10	10	80	VP	Res
3	by the end of the	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	ci to among patients with	10	8	80	NP	Res
3	ci to in the per	10	7	80	NP	Res
3	ci to p and for	10	8	60	NP	Res
3	confidence interval ci to not	10	10	40	NP	Res
3	control group than in the	10	8	100	NP	Res
3	data and safety monitoring committee	10	10	40	NP	Res
3	days of patients in the	10	8	100	NP	Res
3	death from any cause occurred	10	10	100	VP	Res
3	developed in of the patients	10	10	100	VP	Res
3	developed in patients in the	10	10	100	VP	Res
3	died as compared with of	10	9	100	VP	Res
3	differences in the rate of	10	9	100	NP	Res
3	for progression or death ci	10	8	60	PP	Res
3	for the comparison between the	10	6	80	PP	Text
3	free survival and overall survival	10	9	40	NP	Res
3	free survival hazard ratio for	10	10	40	NP	Res
3	free survival was in the	10	9	80	VP	Res
3	from any cause occurred in	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	group and in the medical	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	group and in the surgery	10	9	80	NP	Res
3	group in the intention to	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	group of patients vs. of	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	group rate ratio ci to	10	10	60	NP	Res
3	had a lower risk of	10	10	100	VP	Res
3	had received a median of	10	10	80	VP	Res
3	hazard ratios for death from	10	8	60	NP	Res
3	in the budesonide formoterol group	10	5	60	PP	Res
3	in the group that underwent	10	6	80	PP	Res
3	in the placebo group adjusted	10	5	60	PP	Res
3	in the rate of the	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	in the rates of death	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	in the surgery group p	10	8	60	PP	Res
3	in the two groups were	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	in the two groups with	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	increase in the incidence of	10	8	80	NP	Res
3	increased by a factor of	10	9	100	VP	Res
3	increased from in to in	10	9	100	VP	Text
3	independent data and safety monitoring	10	10	40	NP	Res
3	intention to treat analysis of	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	intervention group as compared with	10	8	80	NP	Res
3	kaplan meier estimates of the	10	10	60	NP	Res
3	level of mg per deciliter	10	7	60	NP	Res
3	major bleeding occurred in of	10	10	80	VP	Res
3	mg group as compared with	10	6	80	NP	Res
3	occurred in patients and patients	10	9	100	VP	Res
3	of the patients had a	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	of the patients in each	10	10	100	PP	Res
3	older than years of age	10	10	100	Oth	Res
3	outcomes did not differ significantly	10	10	40	VP	Res
3	patients in the enoxaparin group	10	7	80	NP	Res
3	patients in the respective groups	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	percent confidence interval to with	10	6	60	NP	Res
3	percent in the group given	10	5	100	NP	Res
3	progression free survival in the	10	10	60	NP	Res
3	progression or death in the	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	rate of disease free survival	10	9	80	NP	Res
3	reduction in the number of	10	8	80	NP	Res
3	risk of death hazard ratio	10	10	60	NP	Res
3	significant between group differences were	10	10	100	VP	Res
3	standard therapy group hazard ratio	10	6	40	NP	Res
3	surgery group and in the	10	8	80	NP	Res
3	survival was similar in the	10	10	80	VP	Res
3	sustained virologic response at weeks	10	5	60	NP	Res
3	than among those receiving placebo	10	10	80	Oth	Res
3	than in the group that	10	10	100	Oth	Res
3	than with placebo vs. p	10	8	40	Oth	Res
3	the between group difference in	10	9	100	NP	Res
3	the control group p and	10	9	80	NP	Res
3	the control group vs. p	10	9	60	NP	Res
3	the group that received the	10	7	100	NP	Res
3	the mg group and the	10	5	80	NP	Res
3	the most common grade or	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	the patients who had a	10	10	100	NP	Res
3	the patients who were enrolled	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	the placebo group and respectively	10	9	60	NP	Res
3	the rate of death was	10	10	100	VP	Res
3	the relative risk of death	10	9	80	NP	Res
3	the results were similar in	10	10	100	VP	Text
3	the subgroup of patients with	10	10	80	NP	Res
3	the two groups did not	10	10	100	VP	Text
3	those who received placebo p	10	8	60	NP	Res
3	treatment group than in the	10	8	100	NP	Res
3	vs p as was the	10	10	60	PP	Res
3	was days interquartile range to	10	10	80	VP	Res
3	was reported in of patients	10	9	100	VP	Res
3	was similar to that of	10	10	100	VP	Text
3	were enrolled in the study	10	10	80	VP	Res
3	were included in the analyses	10	10	100	VP	Res
3	were similar with respect to	10	10	100	VP	Text
3	women to years of age	10	5	100	NP	Res
3	women were randomly assigned to	10	10	60	VP	Res
4	associated with an increased risk	59	56	100	VP	Res
4	with an increased risk of	58	55	100	PP	Res
4	did not result in a	38	38	100	VP	Text
4	at a dose of mg	31	27	60	PP	Res
4	was associated with an increased	30	30	100	VP	Res
4	of death from any cause	27	24	100	PP	Res
4	there was no significant difference	27	27	100	VP	Text
4	than among those who received	26	26	100	Oth	Res
4	out of hospital cardiac arrest	23	22	60	NP	Res
4	was associated with a higher	23	23	100	VP	Res
4	did not differ significantly between	22	22	60	VP	Text
4	was not associated with a	22	22	100	VP	Text
4	did not significantly reduce the	21	21	80	VP	Text
4	a significantly lower rate of	20	20	80	NP	Text
4	years of age or older	20	18	100	NP	Res
4	is associated with an increased	19	19	100	VP	Text
4	reduction in the rate of	19	19	80	NP	Text
4	was associated with a lower	19	18	100	VP	Text
4	non small cell lung cancer	18	18	40	NP	Res
4	rates of sustained virologic response	18	18	60	NP	Res
4	in a lower incidence of	17	17	80	PP	Text
4	the rate of death from	17	17	100	NP	Res
4	was associated with a significantly	17	17	80	VP	Text
4	a significantly lower risk of	16	16	80	NP	Res
4	associated with a reduction in	15	15	80	VP	Text
4	lower among those who received	15	15	100	Oth	Res
4	not reduce the rate of	15	15	100	VP	Text
4	patients with moderate to severe	15	15	60	NP	Res
4	resulted in a significantly lower	15	15	80	VP	Text
4	and was associated with a	14	14	100	VP	Text
4	composite end point of death	14	14	80	NP	Res
4	free survival among patients with	14	14	80	NP	Res
4	in patients with type diabetes	14	14	80	PP	Res
4	in the rate of death	14	13	100	PP	Res
4	of death from cardiovascular causes	14	14	80	PP	Res
4	patients with relapsed or refractory	14	14	60	NP	Res
4	than those who received placebo	14	14	80	Oth	Res
4	an increased risk of death	13	13	100	NP	Res
4	free survival and overall survival	13	13	40	NP	Res
4	in patients with atrial fibrillation	13	13	60	PP	Res
4	not reduce the risk of	13	13	100	VP	Res
4	patients with hcv genotype infection	13	12	40	NP	Res
4	a significantly higher rate of	12	12	80	NP	Text
4	associated with an increase in	12	12	100	VP	Text
4	longer progression free survival than	12	12	60	NP	Res
4	with a lower rate of	12	12	100	PP	Text
4	with a lower risk of	12	11	100	PP	Res
4	among patients with type diabetes	11	11	80	NP	Res
4	had no significant effect on	11	11	100	VP	Res
4	in a lower rate of	11	10	100	PP	Text
4	in this trial involving patients	11	11	80	PP	Res
4	increase in the rate of	11	10	100	NP	Text
4	overall survival among patients with	11	11	60	NP	Res
4	than in the placebo group	11	11	80	Oth	Res
4	was associated with a significant	11	11	100	VP	Text
4	increase in the risk of	10	8	100	NP	Res
4	no significant difference in the	10	10	100	NP	Text
4	patients with acute ischemic stroke	10	10	40	NP	Res
4	patients with chronic kidney disease	10	10	60	NP	Res
4	the rate of the composite	10	10	80	NP	Res
4	the risk of death from	10	9	100	NP	Res
4	with a higher rate of	10	9	100	PP	Text

in Appendix A. The most frequent five-word bundle “the efficacy and safety of” appeared 98 times in Move 1 with a range of 96; “the primary end point was” in Move 2 occurred 708 times in 705 texts. The bundle “confidence interval ci to p” occurred 681 times in 681 texts in Move 3. The original sequence was “confidence interval [CI], n# to n#; P<n#” as shown in an example sentence below, after the exclusion of punctuation and digits (Durrant 2017, p. 170; Viana and O’Boyle 2022, p. 119). In Move 4, the most frequently occurring bundle “associated with an increased risk” appeared 59 times in 56 texts. These instances indicate that many high-frequency sequences were used only once per abstract. The raw frequency and range values suggest a consistent use of bundles across the corpus texts.

1.

In total, 457 patients (22.8%) in the surgery group and 539 patients (26.4%) in the control group died (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.87; p < 0.001).

While the top bundle in Move 1 did not exceed a raw frequency of 100 (Table 4), the bundle “the primary end point was” in Move 2 was notably prevalent and was found 708 times in 705 texts (Table 5). The prevalence of this bundle indicates common practices in the disciplinary research where the sequence is used to define main variable or parameter to be measured. The combination reflects a highly technical aspect, setting the stage for the methodological framework although the individual lexical items—“the”, “primary”, “end”, “point”, and “was”—have been found to be accessible from a vocabulary perspective (Asano and Fujieda 2024). For instance, the following example illustrates the essential role of such lexical bundles in presenting the main parameters of a study in a succinct manner:

2.

The primary end point was histologic improvement in the 10-mg group as compared with the placebo group.

The bundle “confidence interval ci to p” also occurred as high as 681 times in 681 texts in Move 3, as represented by the fragment “95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.87; p < 0.001” in the abovementioned example sentence. This indicates a noticeably consistent appearance in statistical contexts. The abbreviation “CI” indicates multiple occurrences of the term “confidence interval” within the text. The consistent appearance of the five-word bundle “confidence interval ci to p” across various texts suggests its routine use in statistical analyses within medical research. This bundle helps in presenting critical statistical information in a uniform manner, which facilitates clear and comparable interpretations of study results. For instance, the text uses this bundle to report the statistical measures of effect and significance, such as the confidence interval and a p-value. The text illustrates the bundle’s role in showing quantitative aspects of the study findings. This uniform application of statistical terminology ensures that the findings are communicated in a precise and standardized format that can be easily understood and evaluated by others in the scientific community. In Move 4, high-frequency bundles contained word items related to discussing changes or statistical results, such as “associated with an increased risk” and “there was no significant difference”, as described later in Section 5.1.3. Structure and Functions of Lexical Bundles.

Figure 4 shows the frequency of the leading bundles in each move. This indicates that the individual bundles have unique roles in the texts, as shown by Nam et al. (2016). For example, Panel A in Figure 4 shows that “the efficacy and safety of” occurred most often in Move 1. Example concordance lines indicated that the bundle took the technical part of the sentence for realizing study objectives.

3.

We assessed the efficacy and safety of a paclitaxel-coated balloon in this setting.

Panel B in Figure 4 indicates that the instances of “the primary end point was” were dominant in Move 2. The bundle “confidence interval ci to p” only occurred in Move 3 (Panel C), indicating its essential function for presenting statistical findings. The sequence “associated with an increased risk” was rather exceptional as it was common in Moves 3 and 4 and also occurred in Move 1. However, the instances in these moves were below 60; therefore, the bundle may have been used only when the bundle fitted appropriately in realizing the authors’ intentions. The findings suggest that these combinations may have pedagogical value. Becoming aware of where these bundles typically appear and their function within the abstracts could greatly enhance learners’ familiarity with disciplinary research article abstracts.

5.1.2. The NSGL Coverage of the Bundles

The coverage of the first thousand NGSL varied across the moves (Figure 5). The word list covered up to 83.9% of the word items in bundles occurred in Move 4, followed by 76.4% in Move 3, 66.7% in Move 2, and 54.6% in Move 1. These variations are explicitly depicted in Figure 6. This figure shows the percentages of word items in each five-word bundle covered by the word list. For instance, a five-word bundle was classified as 100% when all five individual word items were covered by the word list. It was marked as 80% when four out of the five word items were covered. When none of the word items were covered by the word list, the bundle was marked as 0%.

In Move 4, about a half of the bundles consisted of words in the first NGSL only, such as “with an increased risk of”, “did not result in a”, and “was not associated with a”. The coverage of the word list was 40% or greater in all the bundles in Move 4. These bundles were often used for discussing the changes or statistical results.

On the other hand, 15.5% of the bundles in Move 1 contained no word items covered by the word list, such as “hepatitis c virus hcv infection” (

Table 8. Concordance lines with the node word of “hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection” in Move 1.

chronic	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection	is a cause of major complications
chronic	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection	is more prevalent among
therapy for chronic	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection	is effective in less than 50% of
in patients with chronic	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.	We compared the efficacy and
for patients with chronic	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.	We evaluated daclatasvir (an
ribavirin for chronic	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.	However, these regimens have
Patients with chronic	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection	who have not had a response to
response to therapy for	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection,	and limited data suggest that
facilitate treatment for	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection	in patients with thrombocytopenia
standard treatment for	hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection	is interferon, which is administered

). Additionally, 14.1% of the sequences had only one word item covered by the word list, such as the fourth most frequently occurring bundle “low density lipoprotein ldl cholesterol” (Table 4). These combinations were used to introduce the research area as described in the following Section 5.1.3.

Move 3 also had many bundles comprised of words covered by the word list, but they were different from the bundles in Move 4 in that most of the bundles in Move 3 were used to accurately report results with numerals, such as “percent confidence interval to p”, “of the patients in the”, and “than in the placebo group” (Table 6). Although each word item was rather accessible, the bundles appeared to convey information specific to the research (

Table 9. Concordance lines with the node word of “of the patients in the” in Move 3.

centers: 6.7 percent	of the patients in the	angioplasty group reached the primary
was reached in 8.5 percent	of the patients in the	angioplasty group, as compared with
performed in 12.0 percent	of the patients in the	paclitaxel-stent group and 6.4
angiography in 16.5 percent	of the patients in the	paclitaxel-stent group and 6.9
group and 18 percent	of the patients in the	placebo group reported
severity index in 4 percent	of the patients in the	placebo group, as compared with
group and 6.4 percent	of the patients in the	sirolimus-stent group (p = 0.13).
Only 42 percent	of the patients in the	intraperitoneal-therapy group
Overall, 12 percent	of the patients in the	lamivudine group and 18 percent
index in 25 percent	of the patients in the	low-dose group, 44 percent of

).

Similar tendencies were seen in Move 2, where many frequent bundles, such as “the primary end point was” and “we randomly assigned patients with”, were embedded in the context of research as shown in the next section. There were 31 instances of the first-person pronoun, and they were generally used to build research-oriented bundles. Here again, while the individual word items seemed accessible, the combined use of the words tended to reflect the disciplinary conventions.

5.1.3. Structure and Functions of Lexical Bundles

The texts showed that main structures of bundles were noun phrases, similar to the findings in academic written discourse such as those by Biber et al. (1999), Hyland (2008a), and Golparvar and Barabadi (2020). Noun phrases most often occurred in Move 1 (

Table 10. Principal structures of bundles across moves (%).

Structure	Move 1	Move 2	Move 3	Move 4
NP-based	57.7	39.0	48.1	41.9
Noun phrase	15.5	5.9	2.4	3.2
Noun phrase + of	9.9	7.9	13.3	16.1
Noun phrase + other	32.4	25.2	32.4	22.4
PP-based	14.1	20.7	25.6	21.0
Prepositional phrase + of	2.8	7.2	5.7	12.9
Other prepositional phrase	11.3	13.4	19.9	8.1
VP-based	26.8	39.3	24.9	30.6
Passive verb	4.2	3.9	2.7	12.9
Pronoun/noun + verb	11.3	11.1	5.4	0.0
Pronoun/noun + be	2.8	13.8	7.7	1.6
Verb + noun/prep. phrase	5.6	6.2	5.2	16.1
Copula be + noun/adjective phrase	1.4	3.0	3.9	0.0
to-clause fragment	1.4	1.3	0.0	0.0
Others	0.0	1.0	1.4	6.5
Anticipatory it structure	1.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Totals	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

). Many were used for presenting disciplinary content words like “low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol” and “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)” for setting the scene:

4.

Non–small-cell lung cancer with sensitive mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly responsive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib, but little is known about how its efficacy and safety profile compares with that of standard chemotherapy.

On the other hand, of-phrase fragments such as “a significantly lower rate of” appeared frequently in expressing the conclusions (Move 4). Most sequences were part of descriptions used to indicate comparisons:

5.

In children with chronic hepatitis B, 52 weeks of treatment with lamivudine was associated with a significantly higher rate of virologic response than was placebo.

The results (Move 3) made by far the most use of bundles beginning with a prepositional phrase. Such items included “of the patients in the”, “in the medical therapy group”, and “as compared with the placebo”. These were most likely used to describe classifications and comparisons:

6.

At 3 years, the criterion for the primary end point was met by 5% of the patients in the medical-therapy group, as compared with 38% of those in the gastric-bypass group (p < 0.001) and 24% of those in the sleeve-gastrectomy group (p = 0.01).

Verb phrases were most used for describing methods (Move 2). These included passive bundles preceded by “patients”, such as “patients were randomly assigned to”, and constructions with the presence of the first-person pronoun, such as “we evaluated the efficacy of”. The following is an example with the first-person pronoun:

7.

We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection.

There were very few usages of the anticipatory it structure among five-word bundles. The only sequence we found was “it is not known whether” in Move 1:

8.

It is not known whether infants conceived with use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection or in vitro fertilization have a higher risk of birth defects than infants conceived naturally.

Many sequences were research-oriented bundles (

Table 11. Distribution of bundle functions by move (%).

Function	Move 1	Move 2	Move 3	Move 4
Research-oriented	87.3	98.7	91.3	62.9
Text-oriented	4.2	1.3	8.4	37.1
Participant-oriented	8.5	0.0	0.4	0.0
Totals	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

). These bundles were used to introduce the research area in Move 1, such as “coronary artery bypass grafting cabg”. The specific word combinations were used and defined to engage readers and direct their focus to the research areas early in the abstracts.

9.

Some studies suggest that combination antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection increases the risk of premature birth and other adverse outcomes of pregnancy.

Almost all bundles were shown to describe study-related matters in Move 2. They were used to describe “location—indicating time/place” (Hyland 2008a, p. 13) such as “at the time of the”, procedure such as “we randomly assigned to a”, and quantification such as “a scale from to with”. These bundles functioned to contextualize the research processes.

10.

Each videotape was rated in various domains of technical skill on a scale of 1 to 5 (with higher scores indicating more advanced skill) by at least 10 peer surgeons who were unaware of the identity of the operating surgeon.

Although the results section (Move 3) was also predominantly composed of research-oriented bundles, it showed a few participant-oriented bundles like “were more likely to be”. Such bundles were accompanied by specific numbers, or values, and results of statistical analyses. The sequences helped to support the summarized data to describe major findings.

11.

According to univariate analysis, patients with S. marcescens bacteremia stayed in the surgical intensive care unit longer than controls (13.5 vs. 4.0 days, p < 0.001), were more likely to have received fentanyl in the surgical intensive care unit (odds ratio, 31; p < 0.001), and were more likely to have been exposed to two particular respiratory therapists (odds ratios, 13.1 and 5.1; p < 0.001 for both comparisons).

Move 4 showed outstanding differences in that it had various text-oriented bundles. They were related to changes seen in the studies in relation to certain interventions, such as “associated with an increase in” or indicating statistical results, such as “no significant difference in the”. These bundles helped briefly discuss and conclude the study findings in abstract texts.

12.

Knowledge of the fetal oxygen saturation is not associated with a reduction in the rate of cesarean delivery or with improvement in the condition of the newborn.

The instances of “participant-oriented bundles” (Hyland 2008a, p. 14) were fewer than expected, indicating a preference for diverse word combinations to construct participant-oriented discourse. Specifically, the bundle “may reduce the risk of” and “may increase the risk of”, which incorporate the modal “may”, were extracted only in Moves 1 and 4, with more frequent occurrences in Move 1. The bundles such as “more likely to have” and “more likely to be” were found in Moves 3 and 4. These bundles were consistently paired with quantifiers like “more” or “less”, likely reflecting the authors’ intention to contextualize and interpret their results within comparative frameworks.

Despite the simplicity of the individual lexical items such as prepositions, pronouns, and verbs like “know”, their combination into bundles plays significant roles in structuring academically contextualized sequences. This synergy illustrates how domain-specific language is formulated from simple components to convey complex ideas, which is crucial for precise communication in scientific contexts.

6. Discussion

Our main purpose in this study was to examine the lexical bundles across moves in the research article abstracts with a focus on the vocabulary levels. We aimed to address the two research questions. Our findings on the most frequently occurring five-word bundles in each move revealed many sequences similar to the 185 bundles extracted by Qi and Pan (2020) but showed a substantial difference in numbers. We identified 1286 five-word lexical bundles in total; about two-thirds of them occurred in Move 3, one-quarter in Move 2, and the remaining bundles were in either Move 1 or Move 4.

Our findings on the structures and functions of bundles support studies by Biber et al. (1999) and Hyland (2008a), which showed that the main structures of bundles are noun phrases, with the majority of sequences being research-oriented bundles. We have extended these studies by examining the coverage of the first thousand NGSL for bundles in each move. We found fluctuations in the coverage of the first thousand NGSL among bundles in different moves.

Although the word list covered around 80% of the word items in the bundles in Move 3 and Move 4, differences were seen in the forms and functions of the bundles in these moves. In Move 3, noun-phrase bundles accounted for about 50%, and many sequences were used to summarize research findings, describing essential data and presenting statistical information. In Move 4, however, about one-third of the bundles were verb phrases, and text-oriented bundles comprised 40%. The bundles in Move 2 were made up of word items in which the coverage of the word list was slightly lower than in the Move 3 bundles and were predominantly research-oriented. The first-person pronoun used in the Move 2 bundles was mainly part of research-oriented sequences. These pronouns were used to describe the researchers’ adherence to disciplinary requirements (Hyland 2008a). Although many five-word lexical bundles were built with basic word items, the combined sequences often realized the contexts of research. Becoming familiar with these bundles may require learners to raise their awareness of the contextual knowledge of formal and rhetorical features of the genre texts (Tardy 2009). These findings may have implications for teaching specific lexical bundles in educational settings especially for novice learners such as undergraduate medical students.

Our study has several limitations. One is that we identified lexical bundles primarily based on frequency information. Nation (2001) argued that items with higher frequency are used more often and thus have educational value. Biber et al. (2004) suggested that examination of frequently occurring bundles can reveal the real-world use of multi-word sequences. However, there are counterarguments. Flowerdew (2012), citing Widdowson (1991) and Cook (1998), pointed out “the danger of equating frequency with pedagogic relevance” (p. 191). This is pertinent because Simpson-Vlach and Ellis (2010) argued that “sequences such as ‘on the other hand’ and ‘at the same time’ are more psycholinguistically salient than sequences such as ‘to do with the’, or ‘I think it was’” (p. 490). They created an academic formula list by taking into consideration the psycholinguistic salience in addition to frequency count.

A notable finding from Graetz (1982) is that there is a high correlation between the disciplines in which abstracts appear in journals and lecturers’ reliance on abstracts, along with their belief that students should be taught how to read abstracts (p. 26). This perspective is supported by Nation (2022), who emphasized that the characteristics and usage of language items should substantially influence teaching and learning strategies (p. 435). However, our study primarily focused on analyzing the features of lexical bundles in abstract texts, without exploring into classroom applications.

In one of our prior studies, we used a seven-year segment of our corpus to develop the Medical English Education Support System (MEESUS), which was implemented in language courses at a university (Asano et al. 2022a). The complexity of contextual meanings of lexical items in disciplinary discourse has been pointed out, such as the term “clinical” in “clinical trials” and “a clinical decision” (Coxhead 2016, p. 179). To tackle this difficulty, around 100 first-year “genre students” (Hyland 2008a, p. 20), with an average TOEFL ITP score of 475.04, engaged with the MEESUS in our previous study (Asano et al. 2022a). They used its concordance tool to explore language items and reported their insights on terms like “mean” for an average and “case” for a subject, gaining awareness of their their usage in the academic contexts.

In another study, fourth-year medical students, averaging a TOEFL ITP score of 455.9, used disciplinary “guidelines” (Millar et al. 2019, p. 150) to examine and summarize research abstracts (Asano et al. 2022b). Despite different thoughts about “learner-directed corpus projects” (Ballance and Coxhead 2022, p. 412), such activities have been shown to enhance linguistic “awareness” and “tolerance”, preparing learners for real-world applications (Cook 2010, pp. 117–18). Simpson-Vlach and Ellis (2010) suggested that “organization of constructions according to academic needs and purposes is essential” in transforming language resources into effective tools for pedagogy (p. 510).

In the future, it will be necessary to expand upon these prior works by conducting classroom activities. Such activities may include observing lexical bundles and raising learners’ awareness of the form and function of the sequences in context.

Many studies have shown the linguistic features of lexical items in disciplinary texts (Biber et al. 1999; Cortes 2004, 2013; Hyland 2008a, 2008b; Mizumoto et al. 2017; Omidian et al. 2018; Qi and Pan 2020; Li et al. 2020). These studies have aimed to address the challenges faced by “novice and seasoned scientists” (Kanoksilapatham 2005, p. 288). This includes the notion that becoming proficient in a language requires an awareness of the preferred word sequences used by experts (Hyland 2008b, p. 44). Our study found similar results regarding five-word lexical bundles in the moves of research article abstracts (Biber et al. 1999; Hyland 2008a). Our examination revealed that although the bundles identified in our texts consisted of relatively accessible individual vocabulary items, their combined sequences reflected the context of research and adherence to the required academic conventions. Several difficulties in learning multiword items have been pointed out (Boers 2020). Becoming familiar with these patterns could assist students in “learning productive chunks of language” (Reppen and Olson 2020, p. 177). In helping learners succeed in their learning contexts (Tribble 2017), the findings in this study suggest that raising awareness of specific lexical bundles can be beneficial for aiding students in joining their disciplinary communities.