Forgiveness Psychoeducation with Emerging Adults: REACH Forgiveness and Community Campaigns for Forgiveness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Psychology of Emerging Adulthood
3. Roles Forgiveness Can Play in Emerging Adulthood
3.1. Four Types of Forgiveness
3.2. Person-to-Person Forgiveness Opportunities as an Emerging Adult
4. Where Can Emerging Adults Find out about Forgiveness?
4.1. Religious and Philosophical Approaches to Forgiveness
4.2. Science, Clinical Science, and Dissemination of Science
5. Psychoeducational Intervention in Emerging Adulthood
5.1. Philosophy of Psychoeducation
5.2. Public Health and Psychoeducation
5.2.1. What Is Public Health?
5.2.2. How Is Forgiveness Psychoeducation Disseminated in Large Systems?
5.2.3. Why Study Untargeted Psychoeducational Interventions?
5.2.4. Method of the Review
6. REACH Forgiveness as Psychoeducation
6.1. Content of the REACH Forgiveness Model
6.2. Self-Administered REACH Forgiveness Workbooks
6.3. Effectiveness of the REACH Forgiveness Model with Emerging Adults
6.3.1. A Perspective on Effect Sizes
6.3.2. A Perspective on Effect Sizes for Forgiveness Interventions
6.3.3. Effect Sizes per Hour for Proto-REACH and REACH Psychoeducational Groups
6.3.4. Effect Sizes for Self-Administered DIY Workbooks
6.3.5. Non-REACH Forgiveness Interventions
6.4. Lessons Learned in Promoting Person-to-Person Forgiveness in Emerging Adults
6.5. The Promise of Effectiveness for Application in International Contexts
7. Community-Based Psychoeducational Campaigns
Authors | Date | Sample | N | Hours | Effect Size (d) | d per Hour (d/h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-REACH Group Studies (k = 5) | ||||||
McCullough and Worthington [34] | 1995 | USA university students | 65 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
McCullough et al. [35] | 1997 | USA university students | 134 | 8 | 0.93 | 0.12 |
Worthington, Kurusu et al. (Study 1) [36] | 2000 | USA university students | 96 | 2 | 0.08 | 0.04 |
Worthington, Kurusu et al. (Study 2) [36] | 2000 | USA university students | 64 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Worthington, Kurusu et al. (Study 3) [36] | 2000 | USA university students | 106 | 2 | 0.36 | 0.18 |
Mean N and Effect Size per Hour | 93 | 0.104 | ||||
Psychoeducational Group Studies of REACH Forgiveness (k = 9) | ||||||
Rye and Pargament [52] | 2002 | USA; Christian women students; Christian REACH | 58 | 12 | 1.53 | 0.13 |
Lampton et al. [51] | 2005 | USA; Christian students; Christian REACH | 65 | 6 | 0.15 | 0.03 |
Stratton et al. [53] | 2008 | USA; Christian students; Christian REACH | 114 | 5.5 | 0.42 | 0.07 |
Wade et al. [42] | 2009 | USA university students | 42/144 | 6 | 0.52 | 0.09 |
Sandage and Worthington [41] | 2010 | USA university students | 97 | 6 | 0.53 | 0.09 |
Goldman and Wade [43] | 2012 | USA university students | 112 | 9 | 0.36 | 0.04 |
Lin et al. [59] | 2018 | Half foreign students, half USA students | 78 | 6 | 0.53 | 0.09 |
Toussaint, Griffin et al. [46] | 2020 | USA; Christian students; secular REACH | 32/99 | 6 | 0.51 | 0.08 |
Toussaint, Worthington, Cheadle et al. [60] | 2020 | India university students; Muslim (n = 100); Hindu (n = 18); Christian (n = 5); Jain (n = 1); secular REACH | 124 | 6 | 1.80 | 0.30 |
Mean N and Effect Size per Hour | 99 | 0.104 | ||||
Mean N and Effect Size per Hour (All Christian Samples, Groups; k = 4) | 84 | 0.078 | ||||
Mean N and Effect Size per Hour (Christian Sample with Christian REACH, k = 3) | 79 | 0.077 | ||||
Mean N and Effect Size per Hour (Christian Sample with Secular REACH, k = 1) | 99 | 0.080 | ||||
Self-administered REACH Forgiveness (DIY workbooks, k = 3) | ||||||
Harper et al. [47] | 2014 | USA university students | 41 | 7 | 1.05 | 0.15 |
Greer et al. [56] | 2014 | USA; Christians college students from community churches; Christian REACH | 52 | 7 | 1.37 | 0.20 |
Lavelock et al. [55] | 2017 | USA university students | 30 REACH/168 overall | 7 | 0.65 (dispositional forgiveness) | 0.09 |
Mean Effect Size per Hour | 41 | 7 | 1.02 | 0.15 | ||
Non-REACH Forgiveness Intervention Studies (k = 4) | ||||||
Ji et al. [57] | 2016 | Chinese university students | 28 | 10 | ~1.0 | ~0.10 |
Luskin et al. [33] | 2005 | USA University students | 55 | NR | NR | |
Zhang et al. [58] | 2014 | Chinese university students | 31 | NR | 1.66 | |
Toussaint, Griffin et al. [54] | 2020 | USA; Christian students; secular Forgive for Good (Luskin) | 30/99 | 6 | 0.52 | 0.08 |
Mean Effect Size per Hour | 53 | 0.09 | ||||
Community Campaigns (k = 4) | ||||||
Lampton et al. [51] | 2005 | USA university students at Christian university (2 weeks) | 23 | 0.40 | ||
Stratton et al. [53] | 2008 | USA university students at Christian university (2 weeks) | 29 | 0.18 | ||
Toussaint, Griffin et al. [54] | 2020 | USA university students at Christian university (2 weeks) | 881 | 0.34 | ||
Ortega Bechara et al. [61] | 2024 | Colombia private secular university (4 weeks) | 2878 | 0.36 | ||
Mean Effect Size | 0.32 |
8. Discussion
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Worthington, E.L., Jr. Forgiveness Psychoeducation with Emerging Adults: REACH Forgiveness and Community Campaigns for Forgiveness. Educ. Sci. 2024, 14, 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14090927
Worthington EL Jr. Forgiveness Psychoeducation with Emerging Adults: REACH Forgiveness and Community Campaigns for Forgiveness. Education Sciences. 2024; 14(9):927. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14090927
Chicago/Turabian StyleWorthington, Everett L., Jr. 2024. "Forgiveness Psychoeducation with Emerging Adults: REACH Forgiveness and Community Campaigns for Forgiveness" Education Sciences 14, no. 9: 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14090927