1. Introduction
Waste classification is an efficient way for municipal solid waste management under the circular economy. It aims to maximize the value of recycling waste and achieve zero waste [
1]. The municipal solid waste collection and transportation (MSWCT) system is the basis for ensuring waste classification [
2]. The operation process of the system includes four parts: the classification and storage of waste at collection points, the classification and collection of collection vehicles, the compression and storage of transfer stations, and the classification and transportation of transit trucks. Additionally, the operational cost of the MSWCT system accounts for 60–80% of the total waste management cost [
3,
4]. As the MSWCT system operation process involves multiple units and decision-making subjects, there are management challenges.
Due to random waste generation, the uncertain system resources, and the complex driving paths, the operation process of the MSWCT system is subject to temporarily increased collection and transportation orders, vehicle failures, traffic jams, and other dynamic disturbances. It may affect the MSWCT scheme and progress of the system [
5]. In addition, due to the lack of synchronization within and between units of the MSWCT system [
6], the dynamic disturbances of some units may cause a bullwhip effect. It may result in poor operation of the overall system. This may cause the entire system to not run smoothly, causing problems such as overflowing trash bins, full loading of transfer stations, and odors in trash bins. Therefore, how to realize the synchronized decision making and control of the system in a dynamic environment is the key to the management and control of the MSWCT system [
6,
7].
For the above issues, relevant government departments and participating companies have introduced the latest technologies of Internet of Things (IoT), aiming to obtain real-time system data through the ubiquitous perception capabilities of IoT, and enable the visualization of the operation process [
8,
9,
10,
11,
12]. The development and wide application of IoT technologies has improved the real-time data acquisition capability of the collection and transportation process, and has enabled the system to capture dynamic disturbances timely. However, the IoT information management system of local subsystems is still unable to meet the requirements of real-time synchronized decision making and control of the MSWCT system. There are three major challenges: (1) how to obtain the global system disturbance information in real time; (2) how to dynamically judge process control requirements after the occurrence of system dynamics; and (3) how to realize the synchronized operation among subsystems after clarifying the process dynamic control requirements, and achieve the global optimization.
In order to address the above challenges, this paper proposes a cloud-edge-terminal-based synchronized decision-making and control system (CET-SDCS) for MSWCT. First, through the deployment of a large number of terminal collection devices and an appropriate amount of edge computing devices, the accurate collection and efficient transmission of real-time data in the whole process of the system is realized. Secondly, after the system detects the occurrence of dynamics, the system will use the cloud-edge collaborative analysis and processing to achieve accurate judgment of the dynamic level. Finally, through the analysis of the multi-stage synchronized mechanism, the high real-time performance of the MSWCT system is realized as high-precision, high-cooperative synchronized decision-making and control.
The novelty and contribution of this paper is mainly to use the cloud-edge-terminal architecture to build a set of synchronized decision-making systems for MSWCT management, in order to realize distributed synchronized decision-making between multiple regions and multiple subjects. It is an innovative application of the synchronization mechanism and method in the MSWCT system, which significantly improves system operation efficiency and reduces system operation cost. Case examples for the management of municipal solid waste are provided.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows:
Section 2 briefly reviews relevant literature on three types of research: IoT-enabled intelligent waste logistics management, the concept of cloud-edge collaboration and its applications, and synchronized optimization of complex systems in dynamic environments;
Section 3 provides the problem description;
Section 4 introduces the CET-SDCS framework, device deployment, and operation mechanism;
Section 5 provides a case study on how CET-SDCS improves the efficiency of the real-world municipal solid waste collection and transportation operation and recovery of usable value; and
Section 6 summarizes the findings of this paper and future research directions.
3. Problems Description
This section mainly introduces the operation process of the MSWCT system, and analyses the difficulties faced by the current system.
3.1. Operation Process of the MSWCT System
The operation process of the MSWCT system is shown in
Figure 1, including “two stages and four steps”. The two stages mainly refer to the collection stage and the transportation stage. The four units include the waste storage at the collection point, the recycling waste pick-up of collection vehicles, the waste transfer, and the waste transit. The entire system operation is triggered by pick-up requirements of the waste collection point. After going through the four steps in sequence, the waste at the collection point finally goes to the circular economy industrial park for final treatment.
3.2. Analysis of the Operation Process of the MSWCT System
During the operation process of the MSWCT system, each step is decided independently, but all steps are closely associated in operation. The collection fleet develops and executes the collection plan according to the pick-up requirements of the collection point and the internal resource allocation. The transit fleet develops and executes the transit plan according to the transit requirements of the transfer station and the internal resource configuration.
However, due to the random generation time of waste and the high uncertainty of the amount of waste generated, the collection and transportation requirements are constantly changing at the collection point. Moreover, the waste collection and transportation and transit process faces random disturbances from various internal and external factors such as vehicle failure, traffic jam, and bad weather. Regarding random changes in requirements and various disturbances, if the system decision is not made timely, the collection plan and the transit plan may fail to be executed normally. Additionally, there will be problems including overflowing trash bins, overfilled warehouses at transfer stations, and trash bin odors.
After analysis, we conclude three main reasons for the above problems:
(1) Failure to obtain the real-time information on the whole process of waste collection and transportation. There are two main parts: first, vertically speaking, the internal decision-making layer of each subsystem cannot truly understand the real-time operation status of the execution layer. Due to inaccurate underlying data or delayed data upload, decisions and processing cannot be made timely after the dynamics occur in the execution process. Second, horizontally speaking, each subsystem operates independently, and the data are not shared between subsystems, resulting in information silos.
(2) Insufficient real-time decision-making ability of the system to respond to dynamics. This mainly affects real-time decision-making from two aspects: on one hand, in the traditional IoT platform environment, the massive real-time data are uploaded to the cloud for processing. Its long delay may cause untimely decision-making. On the other hand, due to the lack of timely judgment on the dynamic level, dynamics that can be processed within the subsystem are also uploaded to the cloud for analysis and processing, and then no real-time decision-making is made.
(3) Failure of synchronization operation between subsystems. When the system is affected by dynamics, the system cannot quickly make the optimal decision as it lacks a dynamic level judgment and processing mechanism.
Therefore, the key technical challenges to resolve the above problems lie in how to obtain real-time data of the whole process, how to dynamically judge the process control requirements, and how to establish a synchronization decision-making mechanism between subsystems. These are the key points addressed in this paper.
5. Case Study
This case takes the MSWCT system of a central street (Gongbei Street, Zhuhai City) in a key city node (a core city located on the west bank of China’s Pearl River Estuary and a coastal tourist city) in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as the research object. Gongbei Street covers a total area of 10.32 square kilometers, with a permanent population of 230,000 and dense residential buildings. The street boasts a developed service and catering industry, producing an average of about 230 tons of waste per day. Gongbei Street is one of the pioneers in Zhuhai to apply the management mode of waste collection and transportation after classification.
The street currently has 420 registered waste collection points, 20 waste transfer stations, 9 waste collection companies, and 1 waste transit company. In total, 50 tons of kitchen waste and 170 tons of other waste are collected on a daily basis. Hazardous waste and recyclables are not collected every day, with an average daily collection volume of about 0.1 ton and 17 tons, respectively.
The “waste collection and transportation” process in Gongbei Street is under the unified supervision of the Urban Refinement Management Office (hereinafter referred to as the Refinement Office) under the Street Office. Initially, the units are required to fill in the paper documents manually for registration in a traditional way, and then the Refinement Office collect the paper documents and import them into the computer for statistical analysis. In this mode, due to the low data collection efficiency, low accuracy, and poor real-time data, various dynamic disturbances may occur in the actual operation process. When a disturbance occurs, the three parties, including the collection company, the transit company, and the Street Office, cannot obtain real-time data of the system to make timely adjustments.
In order to solve the above-mentioned management decision-making problems, the Street entrusted a third-party information system company to develop an IoT-based visual management system for waste classification. By placing RFID tags on trash bins, installing in-vehicle PDAs on waste trucks, and equipping sanitation workers and transfer stations with RFID tag readers, the platform aims to achieve online management of the MSWCT system. Here we present the details and challenges of the system operation.
5.1. The Operation of the MSWCT System and Its Challenges
With the help of the waste visual management system, the Gongbei Street Office has established a six-step operation process of the MSWCT system.
Step 1: The property management company (PMC) or merchant managing the collection points determine the daily waste collection and transportation requirements for a fixed period (for example, one month) based on the empirical value of its own waste collection volume (assuming the daily collection and transportation volume is equal). Then, they convert the collection and transportation requirement into an order, which is sent to the collection company.
Step 2: The waste collection company (WCC) develops the monthly collection and transportation scheme according to received orders, and sends it to the collection fleet (the driver is responsible for driving the collection vehicle and clearing the waste).
Step 3: The collection workers check the monthly collection scheme through the PDA. Based on the method of cyclic pick-up, they drive to the collection point with empty bins to collect waste with a fixed route every day.
Step 4: The empty bins are removed from the vehicle, and information regarding collection points and trash bin types are written into the RFID tag of the trash bin through handheld terminals. The full waste bins are put onto the vehicle, and driven to the next collection point after loading.
Step 5: The collection vehicles are loaded up and driven to the nearest transfer station to unload. Weighing by an intelligent weighbridge is the first part of the unloading process, and the RFID tag information of the bin is automatically read and bound before being uploaded to the system. After loading the empty bin at the transfer station, a new round of collection and transportation begins until the task is complete.
Step 6: The transfer station manager collects statistics on the current carrying capacity of the waste transfer station. When the transfer station reaches the preset transit threshold, a shipping request is sent to the transit company.
Step 7: After the waste transit company (WTC) receives the transportation request, it develops a transit scheme and, in turn, transits the waste from the waste transfer station to the waste final treatment plant. After the whole vehicle is weighed in the treatment plant, the data are fed back to the Street Office’s Waste Classification Visualization Management System.
However, the street still faces three decision-making challenges: the acquisition of real-time data in the whole process, real-time dynamic decision making, and the synchronization of decision making among units.
Acquisition of real-time data in the whole process: The data currently obtained by the decision-making management of the Street Office are the execution results fed back by each subsystem. However, the real-time operation status data of trash bins, transfer stations, and transportation trucks involved in the whole process cannot be obtained.
Real-time dynamic decision-making: The current system adopts periodic decision making instead of real-time dynamic decision making. The actual implementation varies from day to day, and various dynamic disturbances are faced during the implementation process. When the system dynamic occurs, the system cannot monitor it, and can only take intervention measures after the dynamic impact results are produced.
Synchronization decision-making between units: Since there is no synchronization operation mechanism, the subsystems all make decisions independently. In the case of optimal operation of local subsystems, it is difficult to guarantee that the entire system works optimally because no synchronization relationship is established among units.
The main reasons for the above-mentioned challenges in the Gongbei Street Office are the lack of methods for acquiring real-time data during the whole process, methods for distributed data processing and decision making, and synchronization mechanisms and methods among system units. In response to these challenges, a project was launched with the support of Top Cloud Tech Co., Ltd., (Zhuhai, China) which provides system platform services for the Gongbei Street Office. By combining the ubiquitous perception architecture of IoT with the cloud-edge collaborative computing architecture, the project aims to build a synchronization system of real-time perception, multi-level collaborative computing and decision making for the whole process of waste collection and transportation. This project is highly aligned with the intelligent management strategy of waste classification promoted by the central government, and is a pilot project for the intelligent upgrading of waste classification in Zhuhai, which has won the recognition from the government department.
5.2. Re-Engineering Waste Collection and Transportation Operations
In order to adapt to the whole-process real-time perception and edge computing environment of IoT, the waste collection and transportation operation of the Gongbei Street Office was re-engineered with the help of CET-SDCS for MSWCT. Details are as shown in
Figure 5 below.
(1) The management persons at the waste collection point (such as property management persons, and merchants) issue collection and transportation orders through the system mobile app. Therefore, some disturbances, such as urgent collection and transportation orders from merchants, can be handled in real time.
(2) The planner of the WCC’s planning department receives an order, develops the collection and transportation plan according to the use of the company’s resources, and sends the plan to the fleet. The collection and transportation plan determines the departure time, driving route, and transfer station location for unloading.
(3) The sanitation workers of the collection and transportation fleet download the collection and transportation scheme through the in-vehicle PAD, and go to the collection point to collect and transport the waste according to the scheme.
(4) When the collection vehicle arrives at the collection point, the empty trash bins are unloaded and bound to the collection point with a handheld mobile terminal/fixed RFID reader. The filled trash bin on put on the vehicle, weighed, and the collection point information read, which is be recorded in the in-vehicle PAD. If the weight is inconsistent with the planned amount, the in-vehicle PAD will send a signal of abnormal amount of waste to the system. After the vehicle is full, it drives to the nearest transfer station to unload. (As different types of waste have different characteristics, the collection and transportation forms are also different. For example, food waste is mostly transported with bins, which need to be changed. Bins are not required to be changed for other waste, but the basic process is the same. Take kitchen waste as an example in this paper.)
(5) When the collection vehicle arrives at the transfer station, it will be automatically sensed and recognized by the gate. After detection, the vehicle drives into the designated position to unload the waste. The waste is weighed, and the information of the trash bin is read and matched with the information that was recorded in the in-vehicle PAD. The operation process also includes dumping of the full waste trash bin, waste compression, empty bin cleaning, label information release, empty bin loading, and vehicle departure. The next cycle is started after completing the above operations.
(6) The waste transfer station downloads the collection and transportation scheme, and develops a waste transit order based on the actual waste volume. As such, some dynamic disturbances can be avoided.
(7) The planning department of the transit company receives the transit order, develops the transfer plan based on the internal vehicle status, and sends the transit plan to the transit fleet. The transit plan confirms the departure time of the transit truck, the sequence of the transit at the transfer station, and the driving route of the truck.
(8) The sanitation workers of the transit fleet download the transit plan through the in-vehicle PAD, and go to the transfer station to transit the waste as planned.
(9) When the transit truck arrives at the transfer station, it will be automatically sensed and recognized by the gate. After the detection, the transit truck enters the designated position to load the waste transfer box. The system automatically senses that the waste transfer box leaves the position, and the gate records the departure of the truck and the waste transfer box.
(10) The transit truck carries the waste transfer box to the final waste treatment plant. After the admission registration, the intelligent weighing device automatically reads the waste transfer box information, binds it with the weight information, and uploads the information to the system. The transit truck returns to the previous transfer station with the new empty transfer box and starts another round of transfer.
5.3. Benefits of CET-SDCS for MSWCT
Using the CET-SDCS for MSWCT, Gongbei Street can acquire real-time data of the whole process of waste collection and transportation and monitor the operation status in real time. At the same time, the real-time data collected by the terminal smart device is processed and analyzed through the edge computing device, which avoids redundant data uploading to the cloud, relieves the pressure on the network bandwidth and cloud data center, and greatly reduces the time delay of the system. It has improved the street’s response speed to different levels of dynamics, and realized the synchronization of decision making among multiple units. It has also significantly improved the operating efficiency of the system, and reduced the operating costs of waste collection and transportation. The details are shown in
Table 2.
In terms of the operating efficiency of the system, taking kitchen waste collection vehicles as an example, before the implementation of the project, the total collection volume of each vehicle per day was up to 6 tons, which increased to 18 tons after the implementation of the project. With the same number of vehicles, the transportation capacity of the collection and transportation fleet has been increased three-fold. In addition, the frequency of departures has also been reduced from 520 shifts per month before the implementation of the project to 436 shifts per month after the implementation, an average reduction of 84 shifts per month, with a year-on-year decrease of 16.15%.
In terms of cost saving, before the implementation of the project, the annual collection and transportation cost was CNY 6.24 million, and the operation and management cost of the transfer station was CNY 2.7 million. After the implementation, the annual collection and transportation cost is CNY 5.232 million, with a year-on-year decrease of 16.15%. The annual operation and management cost of the transfer station is CNY 2 million with a year-on-year decrease of 25.93%. The cumulative cost saving is CNY 1.708 million per year.
Although CET-SDCS has many of the above advantages, the initial investment cost of CET-SDCS is relatively large, and the main cost increase comes from the investment of a large number of edge computing devices. In the future, with the development and maturity of edge computing technology, the cost of CET-SDCS will gradually decrease.
6. Conclusions
This paper introduces the CET-SDCS for MSWCT, which can be applied by government sanitation departments and participating enterprises in different units involving waste classification. Both government departments and participating enterprises are faced with the challenges of acquiring real-time data during the whole process, dynamically judging process control requirements, and a lack of synchronized decision-making mechanism among subsystems in the operation of the MSWCT system. The entire waste collection and transportation scheme and progress are subject to many dynamic disturbances. Intelligent terminals and edge computing devices are systematically deployed at each key node of the MSWCT system to create an environment for real-time online decision making and control during the whole process of waste collection and transportation. Under an intelligent environment, the resources of the MSWCT system are transformed into intelligent objects that can be tracked. We can collect operating status data and perceive the occurrence of dynamics in real time. CET-SDCS for MSWCT supports the synchronized decision making and control of the system in a dynamic environment with real-time information. We developed a set of three-level dynamic hierarchical rules for the MSWCT system. Moreover, the cloud-edge-terminal multi-level computing architecture is used to collaboratively analyze and process different dynamics. We proposed a “three-level and two-stage” synchronized decision-making mechanism suitable for the MSWCT system. By implementing CET-SDCS for MSWCT system, we can not only improve the response speed of the system to dynamics of different levels in the operation process, and realize the synchronized decision making among multiple units, but we can also significantly improve system operating efficiency and cut operating costs.
This paper mainly explores the innovative applications of cloud-edge collaborative computing technologies and IoT technologies in the field of waste logistics operation management. Firstly, intelligent terminals and edge computing devices are systematically deployed to the key units of the MSWCT system, which realizes the acquisition of insensitive data during the whole process, and eliminates the phenomenon of non-sharing of information within and between units. Secondly, the dynamic disturbances affecting the operation of the MSWCT system are captured by IoT devices, and computed and analyzed through the cloud-edge collaborative computing architecture to establish the matching relationship between cloud-edge decision rights and different dynamic levels, and enable fast decision making for dynamics of different levels. Thirdly, the idea of synchronized operation is applied to the operation and management of waste logistics, which realizes the synchronized decision-making between the waste collection stage and the transportation stage, and the overall optimization of the system.
Future research work will answer the following questions. The first question is how to use the historical data of the system to establish a big data prediction model and a dynamic disturbance prediction model for the amount of waste generated, with an aim to prevent the dynamic occurrence in advance. The second question is how to achieve a better allocation of system resources under the synchronized operation environment. The third question is how to improve the convenience of introducing external resources of the system and achieve the business symbiosis of multi-stakeholders.