The Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Producing ESBL among Male and Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of the Study and Data Collection
2.2. Culturing of Samples
2.3. Identification of E. coli Isolates Using the BD Phoenix System
2.4. Determination of the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of E. coli Strains Using the Kirby Bauer Method
2.5. Screening of ESBL-E. coli with a Disc Susceptibility Test
2.6. Double-Disc Diffusion Test (DDST)
2.7. Calculation of the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Non-ESBL-E. coli Isolates (N = 1013) | ESBL-E. coli Isolates (N = 510) | Total (N = 1523) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Female | 806 (79.57%) | 338 (66.27%) | 1144 (75.11%) |
Male | 207 (20.43%) | 172 (33.73%) | 379 (24.89%) |
Age | |||
0–10 years | 98 (9.67%) | 49 (9.61%) | 147 (9.65%) |
11–20 years | 52 (5.13%) | 21 (4.18%) | 73 (4.79%) |
21–30 years | 90 (8.88%) | 31 (6.07%) | 121 (7.94%) |
31–40 years | 280 (27.64%) | 135 (26.47%) | 415 (27.25%) |
41–50 years | 97 (9.58%) | 48 (9.41%) | 145 (9.52%) |
≤50 years | 617 (60.91%) | 284 (55.69%) | 901 (59.16%) |
˃50 years | 396 (39.09%) | 226 (44.31%) | 622 (40.84%) |
Antimicrobial Drug | Resistant | |
---|---|---|
No. | % | |
Beta-lactam antibiotics | ||
Subclass (cephalosporins) | ||
Ceftriaxone (CRO) | 508 | 99.61 |
Cefotaxime (CTX) | 508 | 99.61 |
Ceftazidime (CAZ) | 502 | 98.43 |
Cefepime (FEP) | 497 | 97.45 |
Cefuroxime (CXM) | 507 | 99.41 |
Cephalothin (USAN) | 509 | 99.80 |
Cefoxitin (FOX) | 47 | 8.43 |
Subclass (penicillins) | ||
Ampicillin (AMP) | 510 | 100.00 |
Amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) | 456 | 89.41 |
Piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) | 138 | 27.06 |
Subclass (carbapenems) | ||
Imipenem (IPM) | 1 | 0.12 |
Meropenem (MEM) | 2 | 0.39 |
Ertapenem (ETP) | 0 | 0.00 |
Subclass (monobactams) | ||
Aztreonam (ATM) | 506 | 99.22 |
Sulfonamides | ||
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) | 322 | 63.13 |
Aminoglycosides | ||
Gentamicin (GEN) | 140 | 27.45 |
Amikacin (AMK) | 2 | 0.39 |
Tetracyclines | ||
Tigecycline (TGC) | 393 | 77.05 |
Fluoroquinolones | ||
Ciprofloxacin (CIP) | 347 | 68.03 |
Levofloxacin (LVX) | 329 | 64.50 |
Nitrofurantoin | ||
Nitrofurantoin (NIT) | 38 | 7.45 |
Polymyxin | ||
Colistin (CST) | 298 | 58.43 |
Number of Antibiotics | Antibiotic Resistance Profile | No. of Positive Isolates | MAR Index |
---|---|---|---|
15 | CRO, CTX, CAZ, FEP, CXM, USAN, AMP, AMC, ATM, SXT, TGC, CIP, LVX, CST, TZP | 163 | 0.68 |
12 | CRO, CTX, CAZ, FEP, CXM, USAN, AMP, AMC, ATM, SXT, GEN, FOX, | 139 | 0.55 |
10 | CRO, CTX, CAZ, FEP, CXM, USAN, ATM, SXT, AMP, AMC | 121 | 0.45 |
9 | FOX, CTX, ATM, USAN, SXT, CAZ, CTX, TZP, GEN | 106 | 0.41 |
8 | CST, CTX, ATM, AMP, AMC, SXT, TGC, CIP | 94 | 0.36 |
6 | CXM, AMC, AMP, CRO, CTX, CAZ, | 45 | 0.27 |
5 | CRO, FEP, CXM, AMC, LVX | 22 | 0.22 |
4 | AMP, CTX, GEN, ATM | 18 | 0.18 |
3 | AMP, CXM, SXT | 12 | 0.13 |
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Abalkhail, A.; AlYami, A.S.; Alrashedi, S.F.; Almushayqih, K.M.; Alslamah, T.; Alsalamah, Y.A.; Elbehiry, A. The Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Producing ESBL among Male and Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091778
Abalkhail A, AlYami AS, Alrashedi SF, Almushayqih KM, Alslamah T, Alsalamah YA, Elbehiry A. The Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Producing ESBL among Male and Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Healthcare. 2022; 10(9):1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091778
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbalkhail, Adil, Ahmad S. AlYami, Saeed F. Alrashedi, Khalid M. Almushayqih, Thamer Alslamah, Yasir Ahmed Alsalamah, and Ayman Elbehiry. 2022. "The Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Producing ESBL among Male and Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia" Healthcare 10, no. 9: 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091778