Comparison of Acute Arterial Responses Following a Rescue Simulation and Maximal Exercise in Professional Firefighters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Test Sessions
2.4. Maximal Aerobic Exercise Testing
2.5. Rescue Simulation
2.6. Brachial Blood Pressure
2.7. Central and Peripheral Arterial Stiffness Indices
2.8. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kales, S.N.; Soteriades, E.S.; Christoudias, S.G.; Christiani, D.C. Firefighters and on-duty deaths from coronary heart disease: A case control study. Environ. Health 2003, 2, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Clark, S.; Rene, A.; Theurer, W.M.; Marshall, M. Association of body mass index and health status in firefighters. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2002, 44, 940–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fahs, C.A.; Smith, D.L.; Horn, G.P.; Agiovlasitis, S.; Rossow, L.M.; Echols, G.; Heffernan, K.S.; Fernhall, B. Impact of excess body weight on arterial structure, function, and blood pressure in firefighters. Am. J. Cardiol. 2009, 104, 1441–1445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soteriades, E.S.; Hauser, R.; Kawachi, I.; Liarokapis, D.; Christiani, D.C.; Kales, S.N. Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in firefighters: A prospective cohort study. Obes. Res. 2005, 13, 1756–1763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Weber, T.; Auer, J.; O’Rourke, M.F.; Kvas, E.; Lassnig, E.; Berent, R.; Eber, B. Arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and the risk of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2004, 109, 184–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Roman, M.J.; Devereux, R.B.; Kizer, J.R.; Lee, E.T.; Galloway, J.M.; Ali, T.; Umans, J.G.; Howard, B.V. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: The Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 2007, 50, 197–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Laurent, S.; Boutouyrie, P.; Asmar, R.; Gautier, I.; Laloux, B.; Guize, L.; Ducimetiere, P.; Benetos, A. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2001, 37, 1236–1241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vlachopoulos, C.; Aznaouridis, K.; Stefanadis, C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 55, 1318–1327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smith, D.L.; Petruzzello, S.J.; Goldstein, E.; Ahmad, U.; Tangella, K.; Freund, G.G.; Horn, G.P. Effect of live-fire training drills on firefighters’ platelet number and function. Prehosp. Emerg. Care 2011, 15, 233–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mittleman, M.A.; Maclure, M.; Tofler, G.H.; Sherwood, J.B.; Goldberg, R.J.; Muller, J.E. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 329, 1677–1683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cornell, D.J.; Noel, S.E.; Zhang, X.; Ebersole, K.T. Influence of a Training Academy on the Parasympathetic Nervous System Reactivation of Firefighter Recruits-An Observational Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 18, 109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, D.L.; Manning, T.S.; Petruzzello, S.J. Effect of strenuous live-fire drills on cardiovascular and psychological responses of recruit firefighters. Ergonomics 2001, 44, 244–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, D.L.; Petruzzello, S.J.; Chludzinski, M.A.; Reed, J.J.; Woods, J.A. Selected hormonal and immunological responses to strenuous live-fire firefighting drills. Ergonomics 2005, 48, 55–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernhall, B.; Fahs, C.A.; Horn, G.; Rowland, T.; Smith, D. Acute effects of firefighting on cardiac performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2012, 112, 735–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, C.J.; Webb, H.E.; Zourdos, M.C.; Acevedo, E.O. Cardiovascular reactivity, stress, and physical activity. Front. Physiol. 2013, 4, 314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- D’Agostino, R.B., Sr.; Vasan, R.S.; Pencina, M.J.; Wolf, P.A.; Cobain, M.; Massaro, J.M.; Kannel, W.B. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008, 117, 743–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Casillas, J.M.; Gudjoncik, A.; Gremeaux, V.; Aulagne, J.; Besson, D.; Laroche, D. Assessment tools for personalizing training intensity during cardiac rehabilitation: Literature review and practical proposals. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2017, 60, 43–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Massuça, L.; Santos, V.; Monteiro, L. Identifying the Physical Fitness and Health Evaluations for Police Officers: Brief Systematic Review with an Emphasis on the Portuguese Research. Biology 2022, 11, 1061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borg, G.; Noble, B. Perceived Exertion. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 1974, 2, 131–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balady, G.J.; Arena, R.; Sietsema, K.; Myers, J.; Coke, L.; Fletcher, G.F.; Forman, D.; Franklin, B.; Guazzi, M.; Gulati, M.; et al. Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Clinician’s Guide to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Adults: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010, 122, 191–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Melo, X.; Fernhall, B.; Santos, D.A.; Pinto, R.; Pimenta, N.M.; Sardinha, L.B.; Santa-Clara, H. The acute effect of maximal exercise on central and peripheral arterial stiffness indices and hemodynamics in children and adults. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, 266–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Keeler, J.M.; Fleenor, B.S.; Clasey, J.L.; Stromberg, A.; Abel, M.G. Predictors of arterial stiffness in law enforcement officers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fahs, C.A.; Yan, H.; Ranadive, S.; Rossow, L.M.; Agiovlasitis, S.; Echols, G.; Smith, D.; Horn, G.P.; Rowland, T.; Lane, A.; et al. Acute effects of firefighting on arterial stiffness and blood flow. Vasc. Med. 2011, 16, 113–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lane-Cordova, A.D.; Ranadive, S.M.; Yan, H.; Kappus, R.M.; Sun, P.; Bunsawat, K.; Smith, D.L.; Horn, G.P.; Ploutz-Snyder, R.; Fernhall, B.O. Effect of Aspirin Supplementation on Hemodynamics in Older Firefighters. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2015, 47, 2653–2659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rakobowchuk, M.; Stuckey, M.I.; Millar, P.J.; Gurr, L.; MacDonald, M.J. Effect of acute sprint interval exercise on central and peripheral artery distensibility in young healthy males. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009, 105, 787–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos, V.; Massuça, L.M.; Angarten, V.; Melo, X.; Pinto, R.; Fernhall, B.; Santa-Clara, H. Arterial Stiffness following Endurance and Resistance Exercise Sessions in Older Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos, V.; Massuça, L.M.; Angarten, V.; Melo, X.; Pinto, R.; Fernhall, B.; Santa-Clara, H. Arterial Stiffness Response to Acute Combined Training with Different Volumes in Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeVan, A.E.; Anton, M.M.; Cook, J.N.; Neidre, D.B.; Cortez-Cooper, M.Y.; Tanaka, H. Acute effects of resistance exercise on arterial compliance. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005, 98, 2287–2291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heffernan, K.S.; Collier, S.R.; Kelly, E.E.; Jae, S.Y.; Fernhall, B. Arterial stiffness and baroreflex sensitivity following bouts of aerobic and resistance exercise. Int. J. Sport. Med. 2007, 28, 197–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rossow, L.; Fahs, C.A.; Guerra, M.; Jae, S.Y.; Heffernan, K.S.; Fernhall, B. Acute effects of supramaximal exercise on carotid artery compliance and pulse pressure in young men and women. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010, 110, 729–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasegawa, N.; Fujie, S.; Horii, N.; Miyamoto-Mikami, E.; Tsuji, K.; Uchida, M.; Hamaoka, T.; Tabata, I.; Iemitsu, M. Effects of Different Exercise Modes on Arterial Stiffness and Nitric Oxide Synthesis. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2018, 50, 1177–1185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramírez-Vélez, R.; Hernández-Quiñones, P.A.; Tordecilla-Sanders, A.; Álvarez, C.; Ramírez-Campillo, R.; Izquierdo, M.; Correa-Bautista, J.E.; Garcia-Hermoso, A.; Garcia, R.G. Effectiveness of HIIT compared to moderate continuous training in improving vascular parameters in inactive adults. Lipids Health Dis. 2019, 18, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Mean ± SD | |
---|---|
Age (year) | 31.8 ± 5.2 |
Body mass (kg) | 75.0 ± 7.7 |
Height (cm) | 175.1 ± 5.2 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 2.2 |
Fat mass (%) | 15.9 ± 4.0 |
Lean mass (kg) | 9.4 ± 1.0 |
Diabetes (%) | 0 |
Hypertension (%) | 0 |
Hyperlipidemia (%) | 0 |
Overweight/Obesity (%) | 0 |
Smokers (%) | 18 |
Framingham score (%) | <2% |
Variable | MAET | RS | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Duration (min:s) | 11:32 ± 1:30 | 10:13 ± 2:10 | N/A |
Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 57.9 ± 8.6 | 51.7 ± 5.4 | 0.001 * |
Brachial MAP at rest (mmHg) | 86.0 ± 6.1 | 88.5 ± 5.6 | 0.079 |
Heart rate at rest (b/min) | 60.7 ± 10.1 | 64.5 ± 4.7 | 0.084 |
Peak heart rate (b/min) | 185.7 ± 10.5 | 178.7 ± 11.7 | 0.059 |
Heart rate at 5 min post (b/min) | 98.8 ± 13.5 | 95.2 ± 14.3 | 0.001 * |
Heart rate at 15 min post (b/min) | 93.2 ± 12.0 | 87.3 ± 14.9 | <0.001 * |
Variables | Sessions | Rest | 5 min Post | 15 min Post | p-Value § |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central MAP (mmHg) | MAET | 86.1 ± 6.0 | 92.8 ± 11.0 * | 87.0 ± 6.3 | 0.001 |
RS | 88.4 ± 5.8 | 98.5 ± 12.1 * | 87.0 ± 8.1 | <0.001 | |
Central PP (mmHg) | MAET | 57.7 ± 18.0 | 65.3 ± 19.3 * | 52.6 ± 13.8 | <0.001 |
RS | 59.4 ± 18.6 | 74.0 ± 21.3 * | 57.4 ± 21.4 | <0.001 | |
Brachial MAP (mmHg) | MAET | 86.0 ± 6.1 | 93.0 ± 10.8 * | 86.9 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
RS | 88.5 ± 5.6 | 98.5 ± 12.2 * | 87.0 ± 8.1 | <0.001 | |
Brachial PP (mmHg) | MAET | 63.2 ± 10.6 | 76.6 ± 17.7 * | 60.9 ± 9.2 | <0.001 |
RS | 65.4 ± 8.7 | 86.7 ± 19.3 * | 60.4 ± 9.5 | <0.001 | |
Aortic PWV (m/s) | MAET | 7.2 ± 1.4 | 7.0 ± 1.0 | 6.9 ± 2.4 | 0.159 |
RS | 7.5 ± 1.0 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 0.057 | |
Carotid PWV (m/s) | MAET | 8.0 ± 1.0 | 7.9 ± 1.0 | 8.7 ± 2.6 | 0.135 |
RS | 8.2 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 2.2 | 7.6 ± 1.1 | 0.070 | |
Femoral PWV (m/s) | MAET | 9.5 ± 1.3 | 8.9 ± 1.2 * | 8.9 ± 1.2 * | 0.022 |
RS | 9.6 ± 1.0 | 8.7 ± 1.1 * | 8.5 ± 1.3 * | 0.003 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Santos, V.; Massuça, L.M.; Monteiro, L.; Angarten, V.; Abel, M.G.; Fernhall, B.; Santa-Clara, H. Comparison of Acute Arterial Responses Following a Rescue Simulation and Maximal Exercise in Professional Firefighters. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11071032
Santos V, Massuça LM, Monteiro L, Angarten V, Abel MG, Fernhall B, Santa-Clara H. Comparison of Acute Arterial Responses Following a Rescue Simulation and Maximal Exercise in Professional Firefighters. Healthcare. 2023; 11(7):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11071032
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos, Vanessa, Luís Miguel Massuça, Luís Monteiro, Vítor Angarten, Mark G. Abel, Bo Fernhall, and Helena Santa-Clara. 2023. "Comparison of Acute Arterial Responses Following a Rescue Simulation and Maximal Exercise in Professional Firefighters" Healthcare 11, no. 7: 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11071032
APA StyleSantos, V., Massuça, L. M., Monteiro, L., Angarten, V., Abel, M. G., Fernhall, B., & Santa-Clara, H. (2023). Comparison of Acute Arterial Responses Following a Rescue Simulation and Maximal Exercise in Professional Firefighters. Healthcare, 11(7), 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11071032