Parents’ Awareness of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology in Poland and Ukraine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Statistical Analysis and Descriptive Statistics Methods
2.5. Ethical Statement
3. Results
- Impact of the study on the administration of additional vaccinations for their children.
- Impact of the study on the administration of additional vaccinations.
- Opinion on the impact of the influx of migrants from Ukraine on the incidence rate of the infectious diseases mentioned earlier in Poland.
- Awareness of the impact of the influx of immigrants on the epidemiological situation in Poland.
- Age.
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Roberts, L. Surge of HIV, tuberculosis and COVID feared amid war in Ukraine. Nature 2022, 603, 557–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rzymski, P.; Fulfushynska, H.; Fal, A. Vaccination of Ukrainian Refugees: Need for Urgent Action. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2022, 75, 1103–1108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cojocaru, E.; Cojocaru, C.; Cojocaru, E.; Oancea, C.I. Health Risks During Ukrainian Humanitarian Crisis. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy 2022, 15, 1775–1781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duszczyk, M.K.P. The War in Ukraine and Migration to Poland: Outlook and Challenges. Intereconomics 2022, 57, 164–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Control ECFDPA. Operational public health considerations for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in the context of Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine. Stockholm, 8 March 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Czarkowski, M.; Staszewska-Jakubik, E.; Wielgosz, U. Zachorowania na Wybrane Choroby Zakaźne w Polsce od 1 Stycznia do 31 Grudnia 2021 r. oraz w Porównywalnym Okresie 2020 r.—Biuletyn PZH-NIZP i GIS. 2022. Available online: http://wwwold.pzh.gov.pl/oldpage/epimeld/2022/INF_22_12B.pdf (accessed on 10 January 2024).
- Patel, S.S.; Moncayo, O.E.; Conroy, K.M.; Jordan, D.; Erickson, T.B. The Landscape of Disinformation on Health Crisis Communication During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ukraine: Hybrid Warfare Tactics, Fake Media News and Review of Evidence. JCOM J. Sci. Commun. 2020, 19, AO2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cholewik, M.; Stępień, M.; Eksmond, M.; Piotrowska, A.; Sokołowska, M.; Bieńkowski, C.; Pokorska-Śpiewak, M. Measles Complications in Pediatric Patients in Poland. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2023, 42, e430–e431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holt, E. Tuberculosis services disrupted by war in Ukraine. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2022, 22, e129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Troiano, G.; Torchia, G.; Nardi, A. Vaccine hesitancy among Ukrainian refugees. J. Prev. Med. Hyg. 2022, 63, E566–E572. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Giambi, C.; Del Manso, M.; Marchetti, G.; Olsson, K.; Adel Ali, K.; Declich, S. Immunisation of migrants in EU/EEA countries: Policies and practices. Vaccine 2019, 37, 5439–5451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gorman, D.R.; Bielecki, K.; Willocks, L.J.; Pollock, K.G. A qualitative study of vaccination behaviour amongst female Polish migrants in Edinburgh, Scotland. Vaccine 2019, 37, 2741–2747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bachmaha, M. Vaccination Crisis in Ukraine: Its Origins and Consequences. Krytyka Magazine, September 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Ganczak, M.; Bielecki, K.; Drozd-Dąbrowska, M.; Topczewska, K.; Biesiada, D.; Molas-Biesiada, A.; Dubiel, P.; Gorman, D. Vaccination concerns, beliefs and practices among Ukrainian migrants in Poland: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, L.E.; Amlôt, R.; Weinman, J.; Yiend, J.; Rubin, G.J. A systematic review of factors affecting vaccine uptake in young children. Vaccine 2017, 35, 6059–6069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dubé, E.; Laberge, C.; Guay, M.; Bramadat, P.; Roy, R.; Bettinger, J. Vaccine hesitancy: An overview. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2013, 9, 1763–1773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Program Szczepień Ochronnych na 2023 rok 2023. Available online: https://www.gov.pl/web/gis/program-szczepien-ochronnych-na-2023-rok (accessed on 12 January 2024).
- Social Science Statistics. Available online: https://www.socscistatistics.com/ (accessed on 8 January 2024).
- Cholewik, M.; Stępień, M.; Bieńkowski, C.; Pokorska-Śpiewak, M. Parents’ Attitudes towards Vaccinations Regarding the Ukrainian Migration to Poland in 2022. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bell, S.; Edelstein, M.; Zatoński, M.; Ramsay, M.; Mounier-Jack, S. ‘I don’t think anybody explained to me how it works’: Qualitative study exploring vaccination and primary health service access and uptake amongst Polish and Romanian communities in England. BMJ Open 2019, 9, e028228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Efendi, D.; Rifani, S.R.; Milanti, A.; Efendi, F.; Wong, C.L.; Rustina, Y.; Wanda, D.; Sari, D.; Fabanjo, I.J.; De Fretes, E.D.; et al. The Role of Knowledge, Attitude, Confidence, and Sociodemographic Factors in COVID-19 Vaccination Adherence among Adolescents in Indonesia: A Nationwide Survey. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Birmingham, W.C.; Macintosh, J.L.B.; Vaughn, A.A.; Graff, T.C. Strength of belief: Religious commitment, knowledge, and HPV vaccination adherence. Psychooncology 2019, 28, 1227–1233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Šljivo, A.; Abdulkhaliq, A.; Granov, N.; Reiter, L.; Mahendran, E.; Zeglis, I.; Abdulkadir Mohammed, M.; Yousef, A.; Dadić, I.; Ivanović, K.; et al. COVID-19 vaccination knowledge, attitudes and practices among the general population of Romania during the third wave of COVID-19 pandemic. SAGE Open Med. 2023, 11, 20503121231165670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kraśnicka, J.; Krajewska-Kułak, E.; Klimaszewska, K.; Cybulski, M.; Guzowski, A.; Kowalewska, B.; Jankowiak, B.; Rolka, H.; Doroszkiewicz, H.; Kułak, W. Mandatory and recommended vaccinations in Poland in the views of parents. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2018, 14, 2884–2893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dąbek, J.; Sierka, O.; Gąsior, Z. Protective vaccinations in the control and prevention of infectious diseases—Knowledge of adult Poles in this field. Preliminary results. BMC Public Health 2022, 22, 2342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vardavas, C.; Nikitara, K.; Odani, S.; Symvoulakis, E. The predictors and association between knowledge of vaccines and vaccination among adults and children in 28 European Countries, 2019. Popul. Med. 2022, 4, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adella, G.A.; Abebe, K.; Atnafu, N.; Azeze, G.A.; Alene, T.; Molla, S.; Ambaw, G.; Amera, T.; Yosef, A.; Eshetu, K.; et al. Knowledge, attitude, and intention to accept COVID-19 vaccine among patients with chronic diseases in southern Ethiopia: Multi-center study. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 917925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reczulska, A.; Tomaszewska, A.; Raciborski, F. Level of Acceptance of Mandatory Vaccination and Legal Sanctions for Refusing Mandatory Vaccination of Children. Vaccines 2022, 10, 811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Temsah, M.H.; Alhuzaimi, A.N.; Aljamaan, F.; Bahkali, F.; Al-Eyadhy, A.; Alrabiaah, A.; Alhaboob, A.; Bashiri, F.A.; Alshaer, A.; Temsah, O.; et al. Parental Attitudes and Hesitancy About COVID-19 vs. Routine Childhood Vaccinations: A National Survey. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 752323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Q.; Xiu, S.; Zhao, S.; Wang, J.; Han, Y.; Dong, S.; Huang, J.; Cui, T.; Yang, L.; Shi, N.; et al. Vaccine Hesitancy: COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccine Willingness among Parents in Wuxi, China—A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines 2021, 9, 342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teasdale, C.A.; Borrell, L.N.; Shen, Y.; Kimball, S.; Rinke, M.L.; Fleary, S.A.; Nash, D. Parental plans to vaccinate children for COVID-19 in New York city. Vaccine 2021, 39, 5082–5086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aldakhil, H.; Albedah, N.; Alturaiki, N.; Alajlan, R.; Abusalih, H. Vaccine hesitancy towards childhood immunizations as a predictor of mothers’ intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. J. Infect. Public. Health 2021, 14, 1497–1504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marrone, M.; Luca, B.P.D.; Stellacci, A.; Buongiorno, L.; Caricato, P.; Cazzato, G.; Ferorelli, D.; Solarino, B.; Stefanizzi, P.; Tafuri, S.; et al. COVID-19 Vaccination in Italian Children: The Limits of Parental Rights. Children 2022, 9, 625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Characteristic | Total N = 547 | Correct Answers to Knowledge Questions N = 233 | At Least One Wrong Answer in Knowledge Questions N = 314 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years. median [IQR *] | 34 [31–39] | 35 [31–39] | 34 [30–38] | 0.033 |
Female sex, n (%) | 503 (91.96) | 214 (91.85) | 289 (92.04) | 0.935 |
Place of residence, n (%) | ||||
Rural areas | 137 (25.05) | 62 (26.61) | 75 (23.89) | 0.477 |
City < 50,000 | 81 (14.81) | 37 (15.88) | 44 (14.01) | |
City 50,000–100,000 | 67 (12.25) | 30 (12.88) | 37 (11.78) | |
City 100,000–500,000 | 83 (15.17) | 28 (12.02) | 55 (17.52) | |
City > 500,000 | 179 (32.72) | 76 (32.62) | 103 (32.80) | |
Education, n (%) | ||||
Primary | 1 (0.18) | 0 | 1 (0.32) | |
Vocational | 5 (0.91) | 1 (0.43) | 4 (1.27) | 0.706 |
Secondary | 55 (10.05) | 24 (10.30) | 31 (9.87) | |
Currently studying | 14 (2.56) | 5 (2.15) | 9 (2.87) | |
Higher | 472 (82.29) | 204 (87.55) | 268 (85.35) | |
Attitude toward vaccination, n (%) | ||||
Positive | 497 (90.86) | 217 (93.13) | 280 (89.17) | 0.277 |
Negative | 7 (1.28) | 2 (0.86) | 5 (1.59) | |
Neutral | 43 (7.86) | 14 (6.01)o | 29 (9.24) | |
Opinion on the usage of recommended vaccination, n (%) | ||||
In favor on usage of recommended vaccination, n (%) | 482 (88.12) | 213 (93.13) | 269 (85.67) | 0.040 |
Were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, n (%) | ||||
4 doses | 99 (18.10) | 52 (22.32) | 47 (14.97) | 0.014 |
3 doses | 266 (48.63) | 113 (48.50) | 153 (48.73) | |
2 doses | 115 (21.02) | 51 (21.89) | 64 (20.38) | |
1 dose | 15 (2.74) | 3 (1.29) | 12 (3.82) | |
None | 52 (9.51) | 14 (6.01) | 38 (12.10) | |
Vaccination of children according to guidelines | ||||
Child vaccinated according to the guidelines, n (%) | 537 (98.17) | 231 (99.14) | 306 (97.45) | 0.145 |
Child vaccinated with recommended vaccines, n (%) | ||||
Yes | 448 (81.90) | 193 (82.83) | 255 (81.21) | 0.754 |
No | 91 (16.64) | 36 (15.45) | 55 (17.52) | |
Unknown | 8 (1.46) | 4 (1.72) | 4 (1.27) | |
Vaccination of children against SARS-CoV-2 | ||||
Child vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, n (%) | 416 (76.05) | 194 (83.26) | 222 (70.70) | <0.001 |
Opinion on the impact of the influx of migrants from Ukraine on the incidence rate of the infectious diseases mentioned earlier in Poland, n (%) | ||||
Incidence rate will be higher | 396 (72.39) | 200 (85.84) | 196 (62.42) | <0.001 |
There will be no differences | 151 (27.61) | 33 (14.16) | 118 (37.58) | |
Incidence rate will be lower | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Impact of migration on vaccination decisions, n (%) | ||||
Already vaccinated | 26 (4.75) | 15 (6.44) | 11 (3.50) | 0.152 |
Wanted to get vaccinated | 29 (5.30) | 15 (6.44) | 14 (4.46) | |
No impact | 492 (89.95) | 203 (87.12) | 289 (92.04) | |
Impact of migration on child vaccination decisions, n (%) | ||||
Already vaccinated | 27 (4.94) | 12 (5.15) | 15 (4.78) | 0.363 |
Wanted to get vaccinated | 27 (4.94) | 15 (6.44) | 12 (3.82) | |
No impact | 493 (90.13) | 206 (88.41) | 287 (91.40) | |
Awareness of the impact of the influx of immigrants on the epidemiological situation in Poland, n (%) | ||||
Declared awareness | 311 (56.86) | 164 (70.39) | 147 (46.82) | <0.001 |
Declared knowledge about the situation, but no concern | 85 (15.54) | 22 (9.44) | 63 (20.06) | |
Lack of awareness | 151 (27.61) | 47 (20.17) | 104 (33.12 | |
Impact of the study on the administration of additional vaccinations | ||||
Our study prompted them to think about doing additional vaccinations, n (%) | 205 (37.48) | 95 (40.77) | 110 (35.03) | 0.170 |
Our study prompted them to think about doing additional vaccinations for their children, n (%) | 206 (37.66) | 83 (35.62) | 123 (39.17) | 0.397 |
Question | OR * | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age [Unit = 1 year] | 1.31 | 1.03–1.67 | 0.029 |
Impact of the study on the administration of additional vaccinations for their children | 0.21 | 0.08–0.55 | 0.002 |
Impact of the study on the administration of additional vaccinations | 4.29 | 1.65–11.17 | 0.003 |
Opinion on the impact of the influx of migrants from Ukraine on the incidence rate of the infectious diseases mentioned earlier in Poland | 2.28 | 1.32–3.92 | 0.003 |
Awareness of the impact of the influx of immigrants on the epidemiological situation in Poland | 2.38 | 1.45–3.90 | <0.001 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Stępień, M.; Cholewik, M.; Żuromski, J.; Bieńkowski, C.; Pokorska-Śpiewak, M. Parents’ Awareness of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology in Poland and Ukraine. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121199
Stępień M, Cholewik M, Żuromski J, Bieńkowski C, Pokorska-Śpiewak M. Parents’ Awareness of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology in Poland and Ukraine. Healthcare. 2024; 12(12):1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121199
Chicago/Turabian StyleStępień, Maciej, Martyna Cholewik, Jan Żuromski, Carlo Bieńkowski, and Maria Pokorska-Śpiewak. 2024. "Parents’ Awareness of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology in Poland and Ukraine" Healthcare 12, no. 12: 1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121199