Evaluation of Prenatal Comfort, Sleep, and Quality of Life in Pregnant Women with Cholestasis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Population and Sample
- Diagnosed with cholestasis,
- 20th week of gestation and above,
- Can be communicated with,
- Agreed to participate in the study.
- Healthy pregnant women,
- Unable to communicate,
- Pregnant women who refused to participate in the study.
2.3. Ethical Consideration
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Education Status | Literate | 44 | 29.3 |
Primary education | 67 | 44.7 | |
High school and above | 39 | 26.0 | |
Employment Status | Yes | 30 | 20.0 |
No | 120 | 80.0 | |
Health Insurance Status | Yes | 89 | 59.3 |
No | 61 | 40.7 | |
Family type | Nuclear family | 121 | 80.7 |
Extended family | 29 | 19.3 | |
Number of Pregnancy | Primiparous | 28 | 18.7 |
Multiparous | 122 | 81.3 | |
Previous Mode of Birth | Vaginal | 105 | 84.7 |
Cesarean | 19 | 15.3 | |
Thinking about pregnancy again | Yes | 33 | 22.0 |
No | 117 | 78.0 | |
Hospitalization status | Yes | 28 | 18.7 |
No | 122 | 81.3 | |
Body Image Change | Yes | 144 | 96.0 |
No | 6 | 4.0 | |
Poor Sleep Quality | Yes | 147 | 98.0 |
No | 3 | 2.0 | |
Impact on social life | Yes | 150 | 100.0 |
No | 0 | 0.0 | |
Taking a warm shower | Yes | 149 | 99.3 |
No | 1 | 0.7 | |
Ice pack application | Yes | 48 | 32.0 |
No | 102 | 68.0 | |
Cream | Yes | 125 | 83.3 |
No | 25 | 16.7 | |
Cologne | Yes | 58 | 38.7 |
No | 92 | 61.3 | |
Yogurt | Yes | 46 | 30.7 |
No | 104 | 69.3 | |
Trying not to think | Yes | 71 | 47.3 |
No | 79 | 52.7 | |
Age, mean ± Standard deviation Median (Min–Max) | 27.79 ± 6.33 27.00 (16.00–45.00) | ||
Obstetric history | |||
Number of pregnancies mean ± Standard deviation | 3.71 ± 2.14 3.50 (1.00–10.00) | ||
Median (Min–Max) | 2.39 ± 1.87 2.00 (0.00–9.00) | ||
Mean number of births ± Standard deviation | 0.33 ± 0.70 0.00 (0.00–4.00) | ||
Median (Min–Max) | 31.45 ± 3.41 32.00 (21.00–38.00) |
Scales | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) |
---|---|---|
PCS Total Score | 61.20 ± 5.84 | 62.50 (44.00–72.00) |
PCS subscales | ||
Husband | 15.94 ± 2.30 | 16.00 (9.00–20.00) |
Fetus | 8.49 ± 1.32 | 9.00 (3.00–10.00) |
People | 12.12 ± 1.66 | 12.00 (7.00–15.00) |
Mother | 12.35 ± 1.59 | 13.00 (5.00–15.00) |
Myself | 12.30 ± 1.52 | 12.00 (7.00–15.00) |
PSQI Total Score | 9.52 ± 3.02 | 10.00 (4.00–17.00) |
Physical Health | 10.63 ± 2.18 | 10.86 (5.14–15.43) |
Psychological Health | 10.48 ± 2.10 | 10.67 (4.00–16.00) |
Social Relations | 11.31 ± 3.28 | 12.00 (4.00–18.67) |
Environmental Health | 11.27 ± 2.10 | 11.56 (5.33–16.44) |
Scales | Age | Cholestasis Diagnosis Week | Weight Gained | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCS Total | r | −0.142 | 0.019 | −0.073 |
p | 0.084 | 0.818 | 0.378 | |
PCS subscales | ||||
Husband | r | −0.075 | 0.067 | −0.014 |
p | 0.365 | 0.412 | 0.862 | |
Fetus | r | −0.055 | 0.062 | 0.098 |
p | 0.503 | 0.451 | 0.238 | |
People | r | −0.056 | 0.033 | −0.039 |
p | 0.500 | 0.691 | 0.636 | |
Mother | r | −0.180 | 0.022 | −0.107 |
p | 0.027 | 0.785 | 0.197 | |
Myself | r | −0.166 | −0.079 | −0.229 |
p | 0.042 | 0.339 | 0.005 | |
PSQI | r | 0.088 | −0.051 | −0.243 |
p | 0.287 | 0.532 | 0.003 | |
Physical Health | r | 0.016 | 0.130 | −0.104 |
p | 0.842 | 0.112 | 0.207 | |
Psychological Health | r | 0.124 | 0.147 | −0.074 |
p | 0.132 | 0.073 | 0.369 | |
Social Relations | r | 0.085 | 0.030 | −0.127 |
p | 0.299 | 0.713 | 0.123 | |
Environmental Health | r | 0.194 | 0.142 | −0.025 |
p | 0.017 | 0.083 | 0.762 |
Variables | PSQI | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | |||
Education Status | Literate | 8.77 ± 3.09 | 8.00 (4.00–15.00) | 0.133 a |
Primary education | 9.94 ± 2.71 | 10.00 (5.00–15.00) | ||
High School and Above | 9.64 ± 3.34 | 9.00 (4.00–17.00) | ||
Employment Status | Yes | 10.03 ± 3.41 | 10.00 (4.00–17.00) | 0.341 b |
No | 9.39 ± 2.91 | 10.00 (4.00–16.00) | ||
Health Insurance Status | Yes | 9.55 ± 2.92 | 9.00 (4.00–17.00) | 0.905 b |
No | 9.48 ± 3.18 | 10.00 (4.00–16.00) | ||
Family Type | Nuclear Family | 9.70 ± 3.06 | 10.00 (4.00–17.00) | 0.151 b |
Extended Family | 8.76 ± 2.73 | 9.00 (4.00–14.00) | ||
Number of Pregnancy | Primiparous | 10.11 ± 2.78 | 10.00 (4.00–15.00) | 0.234 b |
Multiparous | 9.39 ± 3.07 | 9.50 (4.00–17.00) | ||
Previous Mode of Birth | Vaginal Birth | 9.26 ± 3.13 | 9.00 (4.00–17.00) | 0.233 b |
Cesarean section | 10.11 ± 2.85 | 10.00 (5.00–14.00) | ||
Considering Pregnancy Again | Yes | 8.67 ± 2.78 | 8.00 (4.00–15.00) | 0.066 b |
No | 9.76 ± 3.05 | 10.00 (4.00–17.00) | ||
Hospitalization | Yes | 8.36 ± 2.93 | 8.50 (4.00–14.00) | 0.025 b |
No | 9.79 ± 2.99 | 10.00 (4.00–17.00) | ||
Body Image Change | Yes | 9.53 ± 3.06 | 10.00 (4.00–17.00) | 0.769 b |
No | 9.17 ± 2.04 | 9.00 (7.00–12.00) | ||
Change in Sleep Quality | Yes | 9.45 ± 3.00 | 10.00 (4.00–17.00) | 0.035 b |
No | 13.00 ± 1.00 | 13.00 (12.00–14.00) |
Variables | Physical Health | Psychological Health | Social Relations | Environmental Health | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | |||||
Education Status | Literate | 10.38 ± 2.14 | 10.12 ± 2.02 | 10.58 ± 3.67 | 10.83 ± 2.36 |
Primary education | 10.77 ± 2.30 | 10.73 ± 2.20 | 11.84 ± 3.42 | 11.57 ± 1.93 | |
High School and Above | 10.68 ± 2.05 | 10.44 ± 2.00 | 11.25 ± 3.04 | 11.26 ± 2.04 | |
p-value | 0.591 a | 0.369 a | 0.092 a | 0.428 a | |
Employment Status | Yes | 10.63 ± 1.88 | 10.73 ± 1.95 | 11.78 ± 3.34 | 11.44 ± 2.23 |
No. | 10.63 ± 2.26 | 10.41 ± 2.14 | 11.20 ± 3.26 | 11.23 ± 2.07 | |
p-value | 0.899 b | 0.893 b | 0.375 b | 0.636 b | |
Health Insurance Status | Yes. | 10.52 ± 2.26 | 10.07 ± 2.20 | 11.06 ± 3.24 | 11.23 ± 2.05 |
No | 10.78 ± 2.07 | 11.07 ± 1.81 | 11.70 ± 3.31 | 11.34 ± 2.18 | |
p-value | 0.503 b | 0.007 b | 0.235 b | 0.842 b | |
Family Type | Nuclear Family | 10.67 ± 2.18 | 10.47 ± 2.16 | 11.40 ± 3.24 | 11.36 ± 2.12 |
Extended Family | 10.44 ± 2.20 | 10.48 ± 1.88 | 10.94 ± 3.44 | 10.90 ± 1.98 | |
p-value | 0.660 b | 0.909 b | 0.481 b | 0.300 b | |
Number of Pregnancy | Primiparous | 10.71 ± 2.48 | 9.95 ± 2.27 | 11.14 ± 3.04 | 11.06 ± 2.21 |
Multiparous | 10.60 ± 2.12 | 10.60 ± 2.05 | 11.36 ± 3.34 | 11.32 ± 2.08 | |
p-value | 0.586 b | 0.270 b | 0.710 b | 0.681 b | |
Previous Mode of Birth | Vaginal | 10.74 ± 2.17 | 10.60 ± 2.05 | 11.37 ± 3.40 | 11.25 ± 2.05 |
Cesarean | 9.74 ± 1.52 | 10.35 ± 1.99 | 10.74 ± 3.13 | 11.60 ± 2.27 | |
p-value | 0.043 b | 0.292 b | 0.410 b | 0.416 b | |
Considering Pregnancy Again | Yes | 9.77 ± 2.18 | 9.74 ± 2.43 | 9.74 ± 3.39 | 10.76 ± 2.49 |
No | 10.87 ± 2.13 | 10.68 ± 1.96 | 11.67 ± 3.12 | 11.42 ± 1.96 | |
p-value | 0.010 b | 0.031 b | 0.002 b | 0.222 b | |
Hospitalization | Yes | 9.78 ± 2.50 | 10.19 ± 2.41 | 9.90 ± 3.51 | 10.51 ± 2.33 |
No | 10.82 ± 2.06 | 10.54 ± 2.03 | 11.64 ± 3.15 | 11.45 ± 2.00 | |
p-value | 0.036 b | 0.554 b | 0.019 b | 0.042 b | |
Body Image Change | Yes | 10.72 ± 2.13 | 10.50 ± 2.11 | 11.29 ± 3.25 | 11.26 ± 2.11 |
No | 8.48 ± 2.38 | 10.00 ± 1.89 | 12.00 ± 4.04 | 11.48 ± 1.89 | |
p-value | 0.028 b | 0.626 b | 0.493 b | 0.784 b | |
Change in Sleep Quality | Yes | 10.61 ± 2.18 | 10.45 ± 2.07 | 11.26 ± 3.26 | 11.21 ± 2.05 |
No | 11.62 ± 2.58 | 11.56 ± 3.91 | 14.22 ± 3.36 | 14.22 ± 2.78 | |
p-value | 0.514 b | 0.893 b | 0.139 b | 0.072 b |
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Yeşil, Y.; Gündüz, Ü.; Dönmez, A.; Paşa, S. Evaluation of Prenatal Comfort, Sleep, and Quality of Life in Pregnant Women with Cholestasis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12141399
Yeşil Y, Gündüz Ü, Dönmez A, Paşa S. Evaluation of Prenatal Comfort, Sleep, and Quality of Life in Pregnant Women with Cholestasis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2024; 12(14):1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12141399
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeşil, Yeşim, Ülkin Gündüz, Ayşegül Dönmez, and Semir Paşa. 2024. "Evaluation of Prenatal Comfort, Sleep, and Quality of Life in Pregnant Women with Cholestasis: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 12, no. 14: 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12141399