Path to Suicidality in Korean Adolescents: Mediating Role of Self-Esteem, Somatic Symptoms, and Self-Harm Amid Depressive Symptoms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Framework
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Dependent Variable
2.2.2. Independent Variable
2.2.3. Mediating Variables
2.2.4. Control Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results Based on Sample Characteristics
3.2. Factors Affecting Suicidality
3.3. Mediation Model
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | N (%) or M ± SD | t or χ2 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 6689) | No Suicidality (N = 5437) | Suicidality (N = 1252) | ||||
Gender | Male | 3343 (50.0) | 2859 (52.6) | 484 (38.7) | 78.94 | <0.001 |
Female | 3346 (50.0) | 2578 (47.4) | 768 (61.3) | |||
School level | ||||||
School youth | Elementary school | 1997 (33.6) | 1685 (34.0) | 312 (32.0) | 1.52 | 0.468 |
Middle school | 1959 (33.0) | 1632 (32.9) | 327 (33.5) | |||
High school | 1982 (33.4) | 1645 (33.2) | 337 (34.5) | |||
Out-of-school youth | Below middle school (10–15 years) | 105 (14.0) | 75 (15.8) | 30 (10.8) | 3.58 | 0.058 |
High school (16–18 years) | 647 (86.0) | 400 (84.2) | 247 (89.2) | |||
Type of family | Family with diverse cultural backgrounds | 262 (3.9) | 199 (3.7) | 63 (5.0) | 5.06 | 0.024 |
Family with Korean cultural background | 6428 (96.1) | 5238 (96.3) | 1190 (95.0) | |||
Type of living | Living with family | 6431 (96.2) | 5249 (96.6) | 1182 (94.4) | 12.74 | <0.001 |
Dormitory/Boarding/Living alone | 257 (3.8) | 187 (3.4) | 70 (5.6) | |||
Household economic status (1–7) | 4.57 ± 1.14 | 4.64 ± 1.11 | 4.26 ± 1.20 | 10.57 | <0.001 | |
Stress (0–40) | 13.27 ± 7.36 | 12.09 ± 7.03 | 18.37 ± 6.50 | −30.32 | <0.001 | |
Depressive symptoms (0–48) | 4.92 ± 7.44 | 2.74 ± 3.95 | 14.42 ± 10.84 | −37.58 | <0.001 | |
Self-esteem (0–40) | 30.02 ± 5.95 | 31.33 ± 5.06 | 24.31 ± 6.15 | 37.60 | <0.001 | |
Somatic symptoms (0–108) | 3.06 ± 5.59 | 2.09 ± 3.70 | 7.25 ± 9.27 | −19.33 | <0.001 | |
Self-harm (0–5) | 0.72 ± 1.43 | 0.49 ± 1.25 | 1.73 ± 1.72 | −24.20 | <0.001 | |
Suicidality (0–16) | 0.65 ± 2.00 | 0 | 3.49 ± 3.40 | −36.39 | <0.001 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | β | t | p-Value | β | t | p-Value |
Female | 0.025 | 2.163 | 0.031 | 0.020 | 2.354 | 0.019 |
School level | 0.004 | 0.314 | 0.753 | −0.037 | −4.004 | <0.001 |
Out-of-school youth | 0.166 | 13.543 | <0.001 | 0.074 | 8.060 | <0.001 |
Type of family | 0.037 | 3.228 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 1.154 | 0.249 |
Type of living | −0.039 | −3.448 | <0.001 | −0.021 | −2.503 | 0.012 |
Household economic status | −0.058 | −4.899 | <0.001 | 0.014 | 1.550 | 0.121 |
Stress | 0.313 | 27.342 | <0.001 | 0.021 | 2.187 | 0.029 |
Self-esteem | −0.044 | −4.271 | <0.001 | |||
Depressive symptoms | 0.604 | 49.348 | <0.001 | |||
Somatic symptoms | 0.031 | 3.069 | 0.002 | |||
Self-harm | 0.133 | 14.761 | <0.001 | |||
Adjusted R2 | 0.151 | 0.536 | ||||
F (p-value) | 171.132 (p < 0.001) | 699.508 (p < 0.001) | ||||
Durbin–Watson | 1.864 | 2.009 |
Path | Coeff | SE | p | LLCI | ULCI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total effect | X→Y | 0.187 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.182 | 0.192 |
Direct effect | X→Y | 0.166 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.159 | 0.172 |
Indirect effect | Total | 0.021 | 0.004 | - | 0.013 | 0.029 |
X→M1→Y | 0.005 | 0.002 | - | 0.002 | 0.009 | |
X→M2→Y | 0.004 | 0.003 | - | −0.002 | 0.010 | |
X→M3→Y | 0.012 | 0.001 | - | 0.010 | 0.015 |
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Kim, J.; Cho, M. Path to Suicidality in Korean Adolescents: Mediating Role of Self-Esteem, Somatic Symptoms, and Self-Harm Amid Depressive Symptoms. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161662
Kim J, Cho M. Path to Suicidality in Korean Adolescents: Mediating Role of Self-Esteem, Somatic Symptoms, and Self-Harm Amid Depressive Symptoms. Healthcare. 2024; 12(16):1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161662
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jiyeon, and Myongsun Cho. 2024. "Path to Suicidality in Korean Adolescents: Mediating Role of Self-Esteem, Somatic Symptoms, and Self-Harm Amid Depressive Symptoms" Healthcare 12, no. 16: 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161662