Epidemiological Overview of Overweight and Obesity Related to Eating Habits, Physical Activity and the Concurrent Presence of Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents from High Schools in Mexico City: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
Sample Size
2.2. Ethics Committee
2.3. Socioeconomic Status Assessment
- Education of the head of the household;
- Number of bedrooms;
- Number of complete bathrooms;
- Number of employed people aged 14 and over;
- Number of cars;
- Internet possession.
- Up to 0 to 47 points = E (Very Extreme Low Level);
- Between 48 and 94 points = D (Extreme Low Level);
- Between 95 and 115 points = D + (Typical Low Level);
- Between 116 and 140 points = C − (Emerging Medium Level);
- Between 141 and 167 points = C (Typical Medium Level);
- Between 168 and 201 points = C + (Medium High Level);
- More than 202 points and more = A/B (High Level).
2.4. Anthropometric Measures
2.5. Eating Habits and Physical Activity Questionnaire
- 1.
- Eating habits (six questions):
- 2.
- Intake of non-recommended foods (nine questions):
- 3.
- Food environment and company (twelve questions):
- 4.
- Physical activity (four questions):
2.6. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Designation | Criteria | Score |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eating habits | 1 | Inadequate | <50% of the maximum possible score | <25.5 |
2 | Partially inadequate | ≥50% and <75% of the maximum possible score | ≥25.5 and <38.5 | |
3 | Adequate | ≥75% of the maximum possible score | ≥38.5 | |
Physical activity habits | 1 | Inadequate | <50% of the maximum possible score | <6 |
2 | Partially inadequate | ≥50% and <75% of the maximum possible score | ≥6 and <9 | |
3 | Adequate | ≥75% of the maximum possible score | ≥9 |
Variable | n = 2710 | Females n = 1430 | Males n = 1280 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 12.02 [11.1–12.06] | 12.02 [11.1–12.06] | 12.02 [11.1–12.06] | 0.680 |
Height (m) | 1.55 0.07 | 1.53 0.05 | 1.57 0.08 | <0.0001 ¥ |
Weight (kg) | 50.7 [43.2–59.6] | 49.75 [43.0–58.0] | 51.6 [43.5–62.2] | <0.001 ‡ |
BMI diagnosis | ||||
Underweight | 6.79% | 6.36% | 7.27% | <0.001 ‡ |
Overweight | 26.53% | 28.39% | 24.45% | |
Obesity | 20.04% | 16.08% | 24.45% | |
Normal weight | 46.64% | 49.16% | 43.83% | |
Eating habits | ||||
Inadequate | 10.00% | 10.70% | 9.22% | 0.245 |
Partially inadequate | 76.86% | 76.92% | 76.80% | |
Adequate | 13.14% | 12.38% | 13.98% | |
Physical activity habits | ||||
Inadequate | 46.35% | 48.11% | 44.38% | 0.057 |
Partially inadequate | 35.46% | 35.17% | 35.78% | |
Adequate | 18.19% | 16.71% | 19.84% | |
Depression diagnosis | ||||
Depressed | 10.04% | 11.54% | 8.36% | <0.001 ‡ |
Probably Depressed | 24.39% | 26.29% | 22.27% | |
Normal | 65.75% | 62.17% | 69.38% | |
Anxiety diagnosis | ||||
Anxiety | 24.21% | 25.38% | 22.89% | 0.026 |
Probably Anxiety | 22.99% | 24.27% | 21.56% | |
Normal | 52.80% | 50.35% | 55.55% |
Adolescent Females | |||||
Variable | Underweight 91 | Overweight 406 | Obesity 230 | Normal Weight 703 | pValue 2 |
Age (y) p value 1 | 12.03 [11.11–12.06] 0.409 | 12.01 [11.10–12.06] 0.227 | 12.02 [11.10–12.06] 0.775 | 12.02 [11.10–12.06] | 0.450 |
Height (mts) p value 1 | 1.52 6.98 1.000 | 1.54 5.44 <0.01 † | 1.55 6.0 <0.001 ‡ | 1.52 5.8 | <0.0001 ¥ |
Weight (kg) p value 1 | 36.5 [33.5–39.5] <0.0001 ¥ | 68.4 [63–74.8] <0.0001 ¥ | 55.5 [51.9–59.5] <0.0001 ¥ | 44.6 [41.3–48.4] | <0.001 ‡ |
Adolescent Males | |||||
Underweight 93 | Overweight 313 | Obesity 313 | Normal Weight 561 | p Value 1 | |
Age (y) p value 2 | 12.02 [12.00–12.05] 0.309 | 12.02 [11.10–12.06] 0.616 | 12.01 [11.10–12.06] 0.916 | 12.02 [11.10–12.06] | 0.794 |
Height (mts) p value 2 | 1.53 9.81 1.000 | 1.57 8.49 0.001 † | 1.59 7.62 0.0001 ‡ | 1.56 8.53 | <0.0001 ¥ |
Weight (kg) p value 2 | 36.5 [33.5–39.5] <0.01 † | 68.4 [63–74.8] 0.236 | 55.5 [51.9–59.5] <0.001 ‡ | 44.6 [41.3–48.4] | <0.001 ‡ |
Adolescent Females | ||||
Underweight | ||||
Variable | With | Without | OR | CI |
Inadequate a | 7 | 68 | 1.5 | 0.50–4.46 |
Adequate | 7 | 102 | ||
Inadequate b | 47 | 323 | 1.71 | 0.86–3.41 |
Adequate | 11 | 130 | ||
Overweight | ||||
Inadequate a | 52 | 68 | 1.62 | 0.98–2.67 |
Adequate | 48 | 102 | ||
Inadequate b | 188 | 323 | 1.16 | 0.82–1.64 |
Adequate | 65 | 130 | ||
Obesity | ||||
Inadequate a | 26 | 68 | 1.95 † | 1.009–3.76 |
Adequate | 20 | 102 | ||
Inadequate b | 130 | 323 | 1.24 | 0.79–1.93 |
Adequate | 33 | 130 | ||
Adolescent Males | ||||
Underweight | ||||
Variable | With | Without | OR | CI |
Inadequate a | 7 | 53 | 0.80 | 0.30–2.14 |
Adequate | 13 | 79 | ||
Inadequate b | 37 | 247 | 0.82 | 0.44–1.51 |
Adequate | 18 | 99 | ||
Overweight | ||||
Inadequate a | 24 | 53 | 0.70 | 0.38–1.27 |
Adequate | 51 | 79 | ||
Inadequate b | 140 | 247 | 0.79 | 0.54–1.14 |
Adequate | 71 | 99 | ||
Obesity | ||||
Inadequate a | 34 | 53 | 1.40 | 0.78–2.52 |
Adequate | 36 | 79 | ||
Inadequate b | 66 | 247 | 0.80 | 0.49–1.29 |
Adequate | 33 | 99 |
Adolescent Females | ||||
Breakfast | ||||
Variable | With | Without | OR | CI |
W/Underweight a | 4 | 13 | 2.62 | 0.81–8.50 |
W/Overweight | 24 | 99 | 2.06 | 1.16–3.65 ‡ |
W/Obesity | 18 | 29 | 5.29 | 2.66–10.52 § |
Normal weight | 34 | 290 | ||
W/Underweight b | 10 | 9 | 3.10 | 1.21–7.91 ‡ |
W/Overweight | 56 | 67 | 2.88 | 1.86–4.46 § |
W/Obesity | 32 | 22 | 5.01 | 2.75–9.13 § |
Normal weight | 76 | 262 | ||
Lunch | ||||
W/Underweight a | 1 | 8 | 1.15 | 0.14–9.47 |
W/Overweight | 4 | 30 | 1.23 | 0–41–3.66 |
W/Obesity | 10 | 13 | 7.11 | 7.11–17.20 § |
Normal weight | 43 | 398 | ||
W/Underweight b | 7 | 4 | 5.75 | 1.65–20.04 ‡ |
W/Overweight | 13 | 26 | 1.64 | 0.81–3.31 |
W/Obesity | 17 | 8 | 6.99 | 2.93–16.64 § |
Normal weight | 107 | 352 | ||
Dinner | ||||
W/Underweight a | 3 | 12 | 1.98 | 0.54–7.31 |
W/Overweight | 9 | 56 | 1.27 | 0.59–2.75 |
W/Obesity | 10 | 24 | 3.31 | 1.48–7.37 ‡ |
Normal weight | 45 | 358 | ||
W/Underweight b | 9 | 5 | 5.57 | 1.82–16.99 ‡œ |
W/Overweight | 22 | 41 | 1.66 | 0.94–2.91 |
W/Obesity | 18 | 17 | 3.26 | 1.61–6.64 ¥ |
Normal weight | 105 | 325 | ||
Adolescent Males | ||||
Breakfast | ||||
Variable | With | Without | OR | CI |
W/Underweight a | 3 | 14 | 3.78 | 0.97–14.70 |
W/Overweight | 19 | 108 | 3.10 | 1.50–6.41 ¥ |
W/Obesity | 23 | 105 | 3.86 | 1.91–7.95 § |
Normal weight | 14 | 247 | ||
W/Underweight b | 6 | 12 | 2.12 | 0.76–5.93 |
W/Overweight | 42 | 83 | 2.15 | 1.33–3.48 ‡ |
W/Obesity | 24 | 48 | 2.12 | 1.19–3.78 ‡ |
Normal weight | 51 | 217 | ||
Lunch | ||||
W/Underweight a | 0 | 2 | - | - |
W/Overweight | 3 | 34 | 1.36 | 0.38–4.81 |
W/Obesity | 9 | 33 | 4.22 | 1.78–9.96 ¥ |
Normal weight | 21 | 325 | ||
W/Underweight b | 4 | 2 | 7.45 | 1.03–41.46 † |
W/Overweight | 8 | 22 | 1.35 | 0.58–3.16 |
W/Obesity | 17 | 20 | 3.16 | 1.58–6.35 ‡ |
Normal weight | 77 | 287 | ||
Dinner | ||||
W/Underweight a | 3 | 8 | 6.62 | 1.62–27.20 † |
W/Overweight | 5 | 43 | 2.06 | 0.72–5.83 |
W/Obesity | 13 | 39 | 5.90 | 2.68–12.97 § |
Normal weight | 18 | 319 | ||
W/Underweight b | 6 | 6 | 4.17 | 1.30–13.36 ‡œ |
W/Overweight | 12 | 32 | 1.56 | 0.76–3.20 |
W/Obesity | 23 | 27 | 3.56 | 1.92–6.59 § |
Normal weight | 67 | 280 |
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Gutiérrez Tolentino, R.; Lazarevich, I.; Gómez Martínez, M.A.; Barriguete Meléndez, J.A.; Schettino Bermúdez, B.; Pérez González, J.J.; del Muro Delgado, R.; Radilla Vázquez, C.C. Epidemiological Overview of Overweight and Obesity Related to Eating Habits, Physical Activity and the Concurrent Presence of Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents from High Schools in Mexico City: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2024, 12, 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060604
Gutiérrez Tolentino R, Lazarevich I, Gómez Martínez MA, Barriguete Meléndez JA, Schettino Bermúdez B, Pérez González JJ, del Muro Delgado R, Radilla Vázquez CC. Epidemiological Overview of Overweight and Obesity Related to Eating Habits, Physical Activity and the Concurrent Presence of Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents from High Schools in Mexico City: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2024; 12(6):604. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060604
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutiérrez Tolentino, Rey, Irina Lazarevich, Manuel Abraham Gómez Martínez, Jorge Armando Barriguete Meléndez, Beatriz Schettino Bermúdez, José Jesús Pérez González, Rubén del Muro Delgado, and Claudia Cecilia Radilla Vázquez. 2024. "Epidemiological Overview of Overweight and Obesity Related to Eating Habits, Physical Activity and the Concurrent Presence of Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents from High Schools in Mexico City: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 12, no. 6: 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060604