Nurses’ Perception of Tension, Stress, and Pressure before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Serbian Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Study Instrument and Participant Variables
- ○
- “How tense, stressed, or pressured did you feel while doing your job regularly before the pandemic?”
- ○
- “How tense, stressed, or stressed did you feel while working during the COVID-19 epidemic?”
2.3. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nurses’ Perception of Tension, Stress, and Pressure at Work before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic—Main Outcome Variable of Interest
3.2. Nurses’ Characteristics and an Increase in Perceived Tension, Stress, and Pressure at Work before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.3. Nurses’ Job Satisfaction in Relation to the Increase in Perceived Tension, Stress, and Pressure in the Workplace before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.4. Challenges Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Increase in Perceived Tension, Stress, and Pressure in the Workplace among Nurses
3.5. Factors Associated with an Increase in Perceptions of Tension, Stress, and Pressure during Work in the Survey Population before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4. Discussion
5. Recommendations for ICU Nurses to Better Prepare for Epidemics
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Individual Characteristics | Total n = 4210 (100%) | Increase in TSPW n = 951 (22.6%) | No Increase in TSPW n = 3203 (77.1%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | 0.219 a | |||
Male | 743 (17.6%) | 184 (19.3%) | 559 (17.5%) | |
Female | 3156 (75.0%) | 715 (75.5%) | 2441 (76.2%) | |
missing | 311 (7.4%) | 52 (5.5%) | 203 (6.3%) | |
Age, n (%) | 0.648 b | |||
≤34 | 1174 (27.9%) | 252 (26.5%) | 922 (28.8%) | |
35–54 | 2295 (54.5%) | 553 (58.1%) | 1742 (54.4%) | |
≥55 | 646 (15.3%) | 137 (14.4%) | 509 (15.9%) | |
missing | 95 (2.3%) | 9 (0.9%) | 30 (0.9%) | |
Managerial function, n (%) | 0.876 a | |||
Yes | 552 (13.1%) | 125 (13.1%) | 427 (13.3%) | |
No | 3408 (81.0%) | 782 (82.2%) | 2626 (82.0%) | |
missing | 250 (5.9%) | 44 (4.6%) | 150 (4.7%) | |
Dual practice, n (%) | 0.821 a | |||
Yes | 511 (12.1%) | 119 (12.5%) | 392 (12.2%) | |
No | 3643 (86.5%) | 832 (87.5%) | 2811 (87.8%) | |
missing | 56 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Satisfaction with the Characteristics of the Workplace (1—Totally Unsatisfied, 5—Totally Satisfied) | Total n = 4210 (100%) | Increase in TSPW n = 951 (22.6%) | No Increase in TSPW n = 3203 (77.1%) | Mann–Whitney Test, p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Available time for work, n (%) | ||||
1 | 318 (7.8%) | 43 (4.6%) | 275 (8.7%) | <0.001 |
2 | 401 (9.8%) | 79 (8.4%) | 322 (10.2%) | |
3 | 981 (24.0%) | 218 (23.2%) | 763 (24.3%) | |
4 | 1140 (27.9%) | 286 (30.4%) | 854 (27.1%) | |
5 | 1247 (30.5%) | 315 (33.5%) | 932 (29.6%) | |
Autonomy in the workplace, n (%) | ||||
1 | 445 (10.9%) | 73 (7.9%) | 372 (11.8%) | <0.001 |
2 | 479 (11.8) | 89 (9.7) | 39 0 (12.4%) | |
3 | 1000 (24.6%) | 219 (23.8%) | 781 (24.8%) | |
4 | 1141 (28.0%) | 313 (34.0%) | 828 (26.3%) | |
5 | 1007 (24.7%) | 227 (24.6%) | 780 (24.8%) | |
Superiors’ appreciation and respect, n (%) | ||||
1 | 503 (12.2%) | 59 (6.3) | 444 (14.0%) | <0.001 |
2 | 487 (11.9%) | 103 11.0%) | 384 (12.1%) | |
3 | 829 (20.2%) | 197 (21.0%) | 632 19.9%) | |
4 | 1039 (25.3%) | 255 (27.2%) | 784 (24.7%) | |
5 | 1251 (30.4%) | 323 (34.5%) | 928 (29.3%) | |
Cooperation with colleagues, n (%) | ||||
1 | 130 (3.2%) | 21 (2.2%) | 109 (3.4%) | <0.001 |
2 | 199 (4.8) | 26 (2.8%) | 173 (5.5%) | |
3 | 635 (15.5%) | 128 (13.6) | 507 (16.0% | |
4 | 1354 (33.0%) | 329 (35.0%) | 1025 (32.4%) | |
5 | 1787 (43.5%) | 436 (46.4%) | 1351 (42.7%) | |
The patients’ attitudes toward you, n (%) | ||||
1 | 215 (5.4%) | 26 (2.8%) | 189 (6.2%) | 0.003 |
2 | 244 (6.2%) | 40 (4.4%) | 204 (6.7%) | |
3 | 733 (18.5%) | 175 (19.1%) | 558 (18.3%) | |
4 | 1227 (30.9%) | 297 (32.5%) | 930 (30.5%) | |
5 | 1546 39.0%) | 377 (41.2%) | 1169 (38.3%) | |
Management and organization of work in the institution, n (%) | ||||
1 | 533 (13.2%) | 71 (7.7%) | 462 (14.8%) | 0.003 |
2 | 586 (14.5%) | 139 (15.1%) | 447 (14.3%) | |
3 | 989 (24.4%) | 235 (25.5%) | 754 (24.1%) | |
4 | 984 (24.3%) | 263 (28.6%) | 721 (23.0%) | |
5 | 959 (23.7%) | 213 (23.1%) | 746 (23.8%) |
Challenges Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic | In Total n = 4210 (100%) | Increase in TSPW n = 951 (22.6%) | No Increase in TSPW n = 3203 (77.1%) | Chi-Square p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Work in COVID-19 zone | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 2585 (70.0%) | 643 (76.4%) | 1942 (68.2%) | |
No | 1106 (30.0%) | 199 (23.6%) | 907 (31.8%) | |
Work in completely new conditions | 0.234 | |||
Yes | 1778 (42.8%) | 423 (44.5%) | 1355 (42.3%) | |
No | 2376 (57.2%) | 528 (55.5%) | 1848 (57.7%) | |
Exhaustion due to work volume | 0.035 | |||
Yes | 1998 (48.1%) | 486 (51.1%) | 1512 (47.2%) | |
No | 2156 (51.9%) | 465 (48.9%) | 1691 (52.8%) | |
Exhaustion due to work under protective equipment | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 2075 (50.0%) | 563 (59.2%) | 1512 (47.2%) | |
No | 2079 (50%) | 388 (40.8%) | 1691 (52.8%) | |
Inadequate availability of protective equipment | 0.325 | |||
Yes | 546 (13.1%) | 134 (14.1%) | 412 (12.9%) | |
No | 3608 (86.9%) | 817 (85.9%) | 2791 (87.1%) | |
Inadequate access to information | 0.521 | |||
Yes | 670 (16.1%) | 147 (15.5%) | 523 (16.3%) | |
No | 3484 (83.9%) | 804 (84.5%) | 2680 (83.7%) | |
Uncertainty and fear of infection | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 1285 (30.9%) | 361 (38.0%) | 924 (28.8%) | |
No | 2869 (69.1%) | 590 (62.0%) | 2279 (71.2%) | |
Coping with patients’ feelings | 0.009 | |||
Yes | 995 (24.0%) | 258 (27.1%) | 737 (23.0%) | |
No | 3159 (76.0%) | 693 (72.9%) | 2466 (77.0%) |
Variables | Multivariate Logistic Regression, n = 743 (Reference = 1, No Increase in TSPW) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | p | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | ||||
Available time for work | 0.085 | 0.069 | 1.089 | 0.993 | 1.194 |
Autonomy in the workplace | 0.118 | 0.021 | 0.889 | 0.804 | 0.982 |
Superiors’ appreciation and respect | 0.138 | 0.010 | 1.147 | 1.034 | 1.274 |
Cooperation with colleagues | 0.027 | 0.617 | 1.027 | 0.924 | 1.142 |
The patients’ attitudes | 0.105 | 0.023 | 1.111 | 1.015 | 1.216 |
Management and organization of work in the institution | 0.034 | 0.474 | 0.967 | 0.881 | 1.061 |
Work in the COVID zone | |||||
Yes | 0.369 | <0.001 | 1.446 | 1.188 | 1.760 |
No | 1 | ||||
Exhaustion due to the volume of work | |||||
Yes | 0.124 | 0.161 | 1.132 | 0.952 | 1.347 |
No | 1 | ||||
Exhaustion due to work under protective equipment | |||||
Yes | 0.345 | <0.001 | 1.413 | 1.184 | 1.685 |
No | 1 | ||||
Uncertainty and fear of infection | |||||
Yes | 0.392 | <0.001 | 1.481 | 1.241 | 1.767 |
No | 1 | ||||
Coping with patients’ feelings | |||||
Yes | 0.091 | 0.352 | 1.095 | 0.905 | 1.325 |
No | 1 |
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Santric-Milicevic, M.; Pavlekic, K.; Bukumiric, Z.; Stevanovic, A.; Nikolic, D.; Matejic, B.; Matanovic, D.; Backovic, D.; Tulic, G.; Lukic, R.; et al. Nurses’ Perception of Tension, Stress, and Pressure before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Serbian Study. Healthcare 2024, 12, 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060663
Santric-Milicevic M, Pavlekic K, Bukumiric Z, Stevanovic A, Nikolic D, Matejic B, Matanovic D, Backovic D, Tulic G, Lukic R, et al. Nurses’ Perception of Tension, Stress, and Pressure before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Serbian Study. Healthcare. 2024; 12(6):663. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060663
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantric-Milicevic, Milena, Kristina Pavlekic, Zoran Bukumiric, Aleksandar Stevanovic, Dejan Nikolic, Bojana Matejic, Dragana Matanovic, Dusan Backovic, Goran Tulic, Relja Lukic, and et al. 2024. "Nurses’ Perception of Tension, Stress, and Pressure before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Serbian Study" Healthcare 12, no. 6: 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060663
APA StyleSantric-Milicevic, M., Pavlekic, K., Bukumiric, Z., Stevanovic, A., Nikolic, D., Matejic, B., Matanovic, D., Backovic, D., Tulic, G., Lukic, R., Zivanovic, D., Radosavljevic, S., Milovanovic, V., Zdujic, M., Stankovic, S., Asanin, M., Zdravkovic, M., & Tomasevic, R. (2024). Nurses’ Perception of Tension, Stress, and Pressure before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Serbian Study. Healthcare, 12(6), 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060663