The Quality of the Supervisor–Nurse Relationship and Its Influence on Nurses’ Job Satisfaction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aim
Hypothesis
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Data Collection
- −
- −
- The contract of the nurse (full-time or part-time).
- −
- The number of nurses who report directly to each supervisor.
- −
- The hospital size: large with more than 501 beds (hospitals 4 and 8) and small with 500 beds or less.
- −
- The population in the area of the hospital: Zaragoza (hospitals 4, 6, 7 and 8) and others (hospitals 1, 2, 3, 5 and 9).
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Determinants of Job Satisfaction
4.2. Variables Related to Sociodemografic Characteristics and Job Satisfaction
4.3. Moderating Variables and Job Satistaction
4.3.1. Psychological Empowerment
4.3.2. Perceived Organizational Support (POS)
4.3.3. Leader-Leader Exchange (LLX)
4.4. Moderating Variables of Job Satisfaction in Relation to Hospital Size
5. Discussion
5.1. Limitations
5.2. Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Roth, G.A.; Johnson, C.; Abajobir, A.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abera, S.F.; Abyu, G.; Ahmed, M.; Aksut, B.; Alam, T.; Alam, K.; et al. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017, 70, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Townsend, N.; Wilson, L.; Bhatnagar, P.; Wickramasinghe, K.; Rayner, M.; Nichols, M. Cardiovascular disease in Europe: Epidemiological update 2016. Eur. Hear. J. 2016, 37, 3232–3245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, T.; Guan, R.; Sun, L. Perceived organizational support and PTSD symptoms of frontline healthcare workers in the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan: The mediating effects of self-efficacy and coping strategies. Appl. Psychol. Heal. Well-Being 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Piepoli, M.F.; Hoes, A.W.; Agewall, S.; Albus, C.; Brotons, C.; Catapano, A.L.; Cooney, M.T.; Corrà, U.; Cosyns, B.; Deaton, C.; et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2016, 23, 1–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anderson, L.; Oldridge, N.; Thompson, D.; Zwisler, A.-D.; Rees, K.; Martin, N.; Taylor, R.S. Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Coronary Heart Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2016, 67, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brawner, C.A.; Girdano, D.; Ehrman, J.K.; Keteyian, S.J. Association Between Phase 3 Cardiac Rehabilitation and Clinical Events. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 2017, 37, 111–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ruano-Ravina, A.; Peña-Gil, C.; Abu-Assi, E.; Raposeiras, S.; van’t Hof, A.; Meindersma, E.; Prescott, E.I.B.; González-Juanatey, J.R. Participation and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs. A systematic review. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016, 223, 436–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zores, F.; Iliou, M.-C.; Gellen, B.; Kubas, S.; Berthelot, E.; Guillo, P.; Bauer, F.; Lamblin, N.; Bosser, G.; Damy, T.; et al. Physical activity for patients with heart failure: Position paper from the heart failure (GICC) and cardiac rehabilitation (GERS-P) Working Groups of the French Society of Cardiology. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2019, 112, 723–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murphy, R.L.; Bird, K.T. Telediagnosis: A new community health resource. Observations on the feasibility of telediagnosis based on 1000 patient transactions. Am. J. Public Heal. 1974, 64, 113–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liden, R.C.; Wayne, S.J.; Sparrowe, R.T. An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. J. Appl. Psychol. 2000, 85, 407–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wakabayashi, M.; Graen, G.; Graen, M.; Graen, M. Japanese management progress: Mobility into middle management. J. Appl. Psychol. 1988, 73, 217–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wayne, S.J.; Liden, R.C.; Kraimer, M.L.; Graf, I.K. The role of human capital, motivation and supervisor sponsorship in predicting career success. J. Organ. Behav. 1999, 20, 577–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erdogan, B.; Enders, J. Support from the top: Supervisors’ perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. J. Appl. Psychol. 2007, 92, 321–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Epitropaki, O.; Martin, R. From Ideal to Real: A Longitudinal Study of the Role of Implicit Leadership Theories on Leader-Member Exchanges and Employee Outcomes. J. Appl. Psychol. 2005, 90, 659–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laschinger, H.K.S.; Finegan, J.; Shamian, J.; Wilk, P. Impact of structural and psychological empowerment on job strain in nursing work settings: Expanding Kanter’s model. J. Nurs. Adm. 2001, 31, 260–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Leiter, M.P.; Laschinger, H.K.S.; Day, A.; Oore, D.G. The impact of civility interventions on employee social behavior, distress, and attitudes. J. Appl. Psychol. 2011, 96, 1258–1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hom, P.W.; Kinicki, A.J. Toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover. Acad. Manag. J. 2001, 44, 975–987. [Google Scholar]
- Thompson, D.N.; Hoffman, L.A.; Sereika, S.M.; Lorenz, H.L.; Wolf, G.A.; Burns, H.K.; Minnier, T.E.; Ramanujam, R. A Relational Leadership Perspective on Unit-Level Safety Climate. J. Nurs. Adm. 2011, 41, 479–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jones, C. Revisiting nurse turnover costs: Adjusting for inflation. J. Nurs. Adm. 2008, 38, 27–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harter, J.K.; Schmidt, F.L.; Hayes, T.L. Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psychol. 2002, 87, 268–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Montoro-Rodríguez, J.; Small, J. The role of conflict resolution styles on nursing staff morale, burnout, and job satisfaction in long-term care. J. Aging Health 2006, 18, 385–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aiken, L.H.; Clarke, S.; Sloane, D.M.; Sochalski, J.; Silber, J.H. Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout, and Job Dissatisfaction. JAMA 2002, 288, 1987–1993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Aiken, L.; Clarke, S.; Cheung, R.; Sloane, D.; Silber, J. Educational levels of hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2003, 290, 1617–1623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alba, A.; Salcedo, R.A.; Zarate, R.; Higuera, F. Satisfacción laboral del personal de enfermeria en el Hospital General de México. Rev. Enferm. Inst. Mex. Seguro Soc. 2008, 16, 155–160. [Google Scholar]
- Harris, K.J.; Wheeler, A.R.; Kacmar, K.M. The mediating role of organizational job embeddedness in the LMX–outcomes relationships. Leadersh. Q. 2011, 22, 271–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laschinger, H.K.; Almost, J.; Tuer-Hodes, D. Workplace empowerment and magnet hospital characteristics: Making the link. J. Nurs. Adm. 2003, 33, 410–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laschinger, H. Effect of empowerment on professional practice environments, work satisfaction, and patient care quality: Further testing the nursing work-life model. J. Nurs. Care Qual. 2008, 23, 322–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Purdy, N.; Laschinger, H.K.S.; Finegan, J.; Kerr, M.; Olivera, F. Effects of work environments on nurse and patient outcomes. J. Nurs. Manag. 2010, 18, 901–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scotti, D.J.; Harmon, J.; Behson, S.J. Links Among High-Performance Work Environment, Service Quality, and Customer Satisfaction: An Extension to the Healthcare Sector. J. Heal. Manag. 2007, 52, 109–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aiken, L.H.; Sloane, D.M.; Clarke, S.; Poghosyan, L.; Cho, E.; You, L.; Finlayson, M.; Kanai-Pak, M.; Aungsuroch, Y. Importance of work environments on hospital outcomes in nine countries. Int. J. Qual. Heal Care 2011, 23, 357–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vahey, D.C.; Aiken, L.H.; Sloane, D.M.; Clarke, S.; Vargas, D. Nurse Burnout and Patient Satisfaction. Med. Care 2004, 42, II57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kanter, R.M. Men and Women of the Corporation, 2nd ed.; Basic Books: New York, NY, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Vandenberg, R.; Richardson, H.A.; Eastman, L.J. The Impact of High Involvement Work Processes on Organizational Effectiveness. Group Organ. Manag. 1999, 24, 300–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spreitzer, G. Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological Empowerment. Acad. Manag. J. 1996, 39, 483–504. [Google Scholar]
- Lan, X.M.; Chong, W.Y. The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment between Transformational Leadership and Employee Work Attitudes. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2015, 172, 184–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eisenberger, R.; Huntington, R.; Hutchison, S.; Sowa, D. Perceived organizational support. J. Appl. Psychol. 1986, 71, 500–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eisenberger, R.; Armeli, S.; Rexwinkel, B.; Lynch, P.D.; Rhoades, L. Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. J. Appl. Psychol. 2001, 86, 42–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eisenberger, R.; Fasolo, P.; Davis-LaMastro, V. Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. J. Appl. Psychol. 1990, 75, 51–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sluss, D.M.; Klimchak, M.; Holmes, J.J. Perceived organizational support as a mediator between relational exchange and organizational identification. J. Vocat. Behav. 2008, 73, 457–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, K.; Deng, X. How Different Components of Socially Responsible HRM Influences Affective Commitment. Acad. Manag. Proc. 2020, 12678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diaz-Carrion, R.; López-Fernández, M.; Romero-Fernandez, P.M. Evidence of different models of socially responsible HRM in Europe. Bus. Ethic A Eur. Rev. 2019, 28, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lombardi, R.; Manfredi, S.; Cuozzo, B.; Palmaccio, M. The profitable relationship among corporate social responsibility and human resource management: A new sustainable key factor. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag. 2020, 27, 2657–2667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herrera, J.; Heras-Rosas, C.D.L. Corporate social responsibility and human resource management: Towards sustainable business organizations. Sustainability 2020, 12, 841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sobhani, F.; Haque, A.; Rahman, S. Socially Responsible HRM, Employee Attitude, and Bank Reputation: The Rise of CSR in Bangladesh. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De la Rosa, M.D.; Carmona, A. Cómo afecta la relación del empleado con el líder a su compromiso con la organización. Universia Bus. Rev. 2010, 26, 112–133. [Google Scholar]
- Aranaz, J.; Mira, J. Cuestionario Font Roja. Un instrumento de medida de la satisfacción en el medio hospitalario. Todo Hospital 1988, 52, 63–66. [Google Scholar]
- Dansereau, F.; Graen, G.; Haga, W.J. A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organ. Behav. Hum. Perform. 1975, 13, 46–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerstner, C.R.; Day, D.V. Meta-analytic review of leader-member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. J. Appl. Psychol. 1997, 82, 827–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dienesch, R.M.; Liden, R.C. Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Acad. Manag. Rev. 1986, 11, 618–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graen, G.B.; Scandura, T.A. Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Res. Organ. Behav. 1987, 9, 175–208. [Google Scholar]
- Plagis, L.L.; Green, S.G. Both sides now: Supervisor and subordinate perspectives on relationship quality. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 32, 250–276. [Google Scholar]
- Spreitzer, G.M. Pychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Acad. Manag. J. 1995, 38, 1442–1465. [Google Scholar]
- Jáimez, M.J. Organizaciones Saludables: El Papel del Empoderamiento Organizacional. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Ortega, V. Adaptación al castellano de la versión abreviada de Survey of Perceived Organizational Support. Encuentros Psicol. Soc. 2003, 1, 3–6. [Google Scholar]
- Baron, R.M.; Kenny, D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1986, 51, 1173–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayes, A.F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 2nd ed.; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Tansky, J.W.; Cohen, D.J. The relationship between organizational support, employee development, and organizational commitment: An empirical study. Hum. Resour. Dev. Q. 2001, 12, 285–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robson, A.; Robson, F. Investigation of nurses’ intention to leave: A study of a sample of U.K. nurses. J. Health Organ. Manag. 2016, 30, 154–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caesens, G.; Stinglhamber, F. The relationship between perceived organizational support and work engagement: The role of self-efficacy and its outcomes. Eur. Rev. Appl. Psychol. 2014, 64, 259–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poikkeus, T.; Suhonen, R.; Katajisto, J.; Leino-Kilpi, H. Relationships between organizational and individual support, nurses’ ethical competence, ethical safety, and work satisfaction. Heal. Care Manag. Rev. 2020, 45, 83–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bennett, D.; Hylton, R. Servant leadership: Is this the type of leadership for job satisfaction among healthcare employees? Indian J. Posit. Psychol. 2020, 11, 210–212. [Google Scholar]
- Delgado, N.A.; Delgado, D. El líder y el liderazgo: Reflexiones. Rev. Interam. Bibl. 2003, 26, 75–88. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, S.L.; Manfredi, T.; Hagos, O.; Drummond-Huth, B.; Moore, P.D. Application of the Clinical Nurse Leader Role in an Acute Care Delivery Model. J. Nurs. Adm. 2006, 36, 29–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kanste, O.; Kyngäs, H.; Nikkilä, J. The relationship between multidimensional leadership and burnout among nursing staff. J. Nurs. Manag. 2007, 15, 731–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aarons, G.A.; Ehrhart, M.G.; Farahnak, L.R.; Sklar, M. Aligning Leadership Across Systems and Organizations to Develop a Strategic Climate for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2014, 35, 255–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ripp, J.; Peoccoralo, L.; Charney, M. Attending to the emotional well-being of the health care workforce in a New York city health system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acad. Med. 2020, 95, 1136–1139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hospital | N° Beds | Area Population |
---|---|---|
1. Alcañiz | 125 | 16,043 |
2. Barbastro | 161 | 16,961 |
3. Ernest Lluch | 122 | 20,191 |
4. Lozano Blesa University Clinic Hospital | 808 | 661,108 |
5. San Jorge | 297 | 52,282 |
6. Nuestra Señora de Gracia | 151 | 661,108 |
7. Royo Villanova | 260 | 661,108 |
8. Miguel Servet University Hospital | 1290 | 661,108 |
9. Obispo Polanco | 215 | 35,564 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | M | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Satisfaction | 0.429 ** | 0.445 ** | 0.463 ** | 0.029 | 3.32 | 0.36 | |
2. LMX (m) | 0.429 ** | 0.344 ** | 0.372 ** | 0.041 * | 3.54 | 0.83 | |
3. Empowerment | 0.445 ** | 0.344 ** | 0.270 ** | 0.021 | 3.68 | 0.55 | |
4. POS | 0.463 ** | 0.372 ** | 0.270 ** | 3.33 | 0.99 | ||
5. LLX | 0.029 | 0.041 * | 0.021 | 0.054 ** | 3.61 | 0.87 |
Variable | Satisfaction (Coefficients) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
Intercept | 2.76 * | 2.03 * | 1.91 * |
POS. | 0.17 * | 0.14 * | 0.11 * |
Empowerment | 0.23 * | 0.19 * | |
LMX (m) | 0.10 * | ||
R2 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.36 |
ΔR2 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.04 |
F | 686.32 * | 608.11 * | 479.06 * |
ΔF | 686.32 | 415.91 | 148.90 |
Correlation | Statistical Significance | |
---|---|---|
Hospital size | Inverse | <0.001 |
Beds | Inverse | <0.001 |
Team size | Inverse | 0.003 |
Span of control | Inverse | 0.002 |
Gender | N.S. | - |
Age | N.S. | - |
Time working as a nurse | N.S. | - |
Time working at hospital | N.S. | - |
Time working in unit | N.S. | - |
Time with current supervisor | N.S. | - |
Full or part-time contract | N.S. | - |
University degree | N.S. | - |
Variable | Satisfaction (Coefficients) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
Small | Large | Small | Large | Small | Large | |
Intercept | 2.62 * | 2.17 * | 2.42 * | 1.97 * | 1.99 * | 1.87 * |
LMX(m) | 0.21 * | 0.15 * | 0.12 * | 0.08 * | ||
POS | 0.11 * | 0.14 * | 0.10 * | 0.12 * | ||
Empowerment | 0.31 * | 0.25 * | 0.16 * | 0.21 * | ||
R2 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.38 |
ΔR2 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
F | 229.50 * | 456.46 * | 177.32 * | 423.43 * | 148.96 * | 323.12 * |
ΔF | 229.50 | 456.46 | 100.02 | 303.63 | 66.50 | 80.29 |
Small Hospitals | Large Hospitals | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | T-Student | Coefficient | T-Student | |
Empowerment | 0.02 | 0.81 | −0.43 | −2.98 * |
POS | −0.01 | −0.67 | −0.01 | −0.98 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
López-Ibort, N.; Cañete-Lairla, M.A.; Gil-Lacruz, A.I.; Gil-Lacruz, M.; Antoñanzas-Lombarte, T. The Quality of the Supervisor–Nurse Relationship and Its Influence on Nurses’ Job Satisfaction. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101388
López-Ibort N, Cañete-Lairla MA, Gil-Lacruz AI, Gil-Lacruz M, Antoñanzas-Lombarte T. The Quality of the Supervisor–Nurse Relationship and Its Influence on Nurses’ Job Satisfaction. Healthcare. 2021; 9(10):1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101388
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Ibort, Nieves, Miguel Angel Cañete-Lairla, Ana Isabel Gil-Lacruz, Marta Gil-Lacruz, and Teresa Antoñanzas-Lombarte. 2021. "The Quality of the Supervisor–Nurse Relationship and Its Influence on Nurses’ Job Satisfaction" Healthcare 9, no. 10: 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101388